America's Involvement in WWI Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Americas thing in WWI - Research Paper ExampleNevertheless, WWI became a central school principal in American annals because it gave an opportunity for America to assert its dominance as a foreign power and give boost to social reforms.America entered WWI for array of reasons. First and foremost, Americans wanted to abandon the policy of isolationism. The domestic wagess that plagued American enticed Americans to steer as a lead as a huge superpower. Secondly, the sinking of Lusitania was a huge focal point as it carried American soldiers and ammunition. It is crucial to understand that even prior to entering the struggle, the US was give aid to allies. Although it called itself neutral, it litely was non. The icing was discovery of the Zimmerman Telegram, which threatened the USA At this point, Germanys conquest of winning the war was too easy to ignore. Thirdly, it was evident that the U.S. had huge economic investments with the British and French. If the Germans continu ed to impose their will, then they would not be able to pay the U.S. debt back.Another huge reason was the political scheme for the leaders of the US. It was clear that Woodrow Wilson did not want to go to war but also did not want to lose to his counterpart- switch Roosevelt. As usual, Roosevelt has been aggressive with the war of Spanish-American war and had no problem for Americans to enter a political issue that needed leadership. When Teddy Roosevelt decided to run for another term, Wilson felt that it was best for him to also enter the unpolished into this war (Micahels 40). Hence, President Wilson wanted to make the world safe for democracyWithout a doubt, WWI was turning point in American history because it gave an opportunity to America to display its awesome power. World War was a war that was indisputably fueled by American propaganda by portraying the Axis power as compulsory evil. Unmistakably, this was heavy task since so many European descents resided in America. E uropes condition at this point

Theories of Imperalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Theories of Imperalism - Essay ExampleThe object of acquiring a colonial imperium was usually to raise it to the status of a world power, (Mommsen, 1977, p.5) as he quotes Chamberlain in 1897 It seems to me that the tendency of the time is to throw all power into the hands of the greater empires, and the minor kingdoms those which are non-progressive seem to be bound to fall into a secondary and subordinate place, (p. 6). This is the State Oriented theory of Imperialism and its main connection is with the find and it is connected with the British patriotism. The whole idea of this imperialism was that British people had to acquire more and more territories in unsuspecting and underdeveloped countries to show their patriotism towards the country and Crown. The expansion of territory went on unabatedly for at least(prenominal) two centuries, till Britain owned one third of the world, arrogantly claiming that Sun never set in British Empire.The original meaning of Imperialism was simply one powerful ruler ruling over many another(prenominal) territories and regions either inside European continent, or anywhere else in the world. It meant the all-powerful British crown devising policies for colonies in the distant East and West of the globe. He says this position at home strengthened the stance of Conservative party of England.Classic political theory of Imperialism developed in the other half of the 19th century. German scholars like Heinrich Friedjung are at the helm of this theory. The colonial expansion ambitions of Napoleon III, no incertitude ended in total disaster but it gave credence to the grandeur of imperialism, the legitimate and magnificent rule of a mighty ruler over lesser mortals.Mommsen says that Friedjung did tremendous amount of work to establish the perfect theory of imperialism by combining the nationalistic ideology working for the domination of far-flung areas for the sole mathematical function of national gratification. The da ys were conducive and any victory over the natives of colonies was

Persuasive Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Persuasive - Research Paper Examples that the policy and rules regarding treating a little off eat uper as an full-grown should be revived and, besides some public defender offices have launched and started a few novel programs too, likewise the advantages that are woven with this agenda are not only economical or equitable, but ethical/ moral and environmental.Initiating with the solution, the Bureau of Justice Assistance has post suggestions for the designing and implementation of these new programs. All these various programs are driven to conceal the children who have, intentionally or unintentionally, committed felony from facing the prosecution in an adult romance. This however, does not at all means that the young offender will be rescued from their act, but to deal with it in a way a teenage should be dealt with, rather than imposing them on an intimidating and a daunting environment of an adult court. In addition to tis, the chief thing among all this execution of progr ams is that children be assist by the multidisciplinary force play of which the attorney is one associate, and that the corresponding personnel will speak on behalf of the child from the beginning to the end (Allard & Young et al. 2002).Nonetheless, establishing programs to produce representative of the child is not enough instead the narrative of the child and his feel and circumstances surrounding him at the time of crime should be extensively analyzed. If and when the examination of the violation and the juvenile will be done, information that can help solves the case easily without taking it to the adult court (Allard & Young et al 2002). For instance, a fifteen year old had been sexually as well as physically abused in the house by his step-father and later during the time of act by the step-father and in order to save himself, the child kills him. Here, taking the child to be prosecuted in an adult court without examining his history and the circumstance during the time of k illing can have a very adverse effect on the child,

Donner party film research Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Donner party contract research - Movie Review ExamplePatrickBreen left for US to live the life of his chosen trust which was catholic. Lansford Hastings saw US as a still undeveloped country which could be make very useful and profitable. Conversely, amajority of the people went to the US as an obvious passel which was referred to as manifest destiny(The Donner Party). This destiny was a belief that American pilgrims were destined to develop the whole continent thus saw it as their justifiable land. This plus the idea of riches that awaited them with the discovery of gold them fuelled the desire to get to California. George Donner and Jacob Donner were brothers who were already successful before they left for California. In fact the Donners are the mastermind of this journey and their opulence is visualized in the type of wagons they hires for the family. They have three wagons each for their families.George Donner was motivated to travel by the gold discovery and free land in C alifornia.2.Who was Alexis De Tocqueville? What was his reason for coming to America? Was De Tocquevilles gap commentary in the film about the American people accurate at that time? Explain in nigh detail. Is De Tocquevilles critique still relevant in American society today?Alexis De Tocqueville was a sociologist and governmental theorist of French origins. His reason for coming to America was to study the prisons of America. The study which led him to write his most(prenominal) acclaimed work democracy in America. Alexis opening commentary in the film was Americans chase prosperity with great intensity until death eventually halts them in their tracks(The Tragic Story of the Donner Party). Alexis opening commentary in the film was very accurate at the time this is because the Donner party scrambled to take off to California in order to get more free lands, riches and other wealth they had comprehend of before. Some people even were already successful like the Donner family bu t their greed led them to travel and most of

Terrorism Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Terrorism - Assignment ExampleThere argon many Muslims who argon very peaceful and do not support terrorism. However, it is important to listen to the voices of the few who have been involved in terrorist activities. Here it is important to put a clear line mingled with Islam as a religion and Muslim extremism. Islam as a religion promotes peace while Islamic extremism promotes the use of violence in the name of defending Islam (Streusand, 2003). Krauthammer (2002) says that we massnot refute the argument by Professor Samuel Huntington that Islam has cover borders. The real agitation of the Muslims is that their religion is being overtaken by the watt grow. Tradition every(prenominal)y, Islam was a dominant religion and they apply Jihads to impose their culture, values, and beliefs on other people. This is not the case today as most people are now adapting to the western culture. The Muslims have responded to this by putting a border between the western culture and the Islamic culture. This has even been done through violence. In Nigeria when an author published an offensive image in the newspaper, the Muslims reacted by killing Christians, burning the newspaper offices and issuing a death fightrant for the author of the article. The Muslims in this case lay the blame on Christians for loss of Islamic values. There has also been prolonged war between the Palestinians who are Muslims and Israelites who are the Jews. Another example is the September 11th attack on the U.S.A this was seen as a greatest milestone in the world of Islamic extremist because they believe the United States is a key uphold of satanic activities. In countries where Christianity and Islam are practiced on almost equal levels at that place have been great religious conflicts. This has been witnessed in Sudan where the Arab Muslims have carried out genocide campaigns against the African Christians. In these countries in that respect have been clear borders between the Christians a nd the Muslims. If one religion resides in the west the other resides east or if one resides in the north the other resides at the south and conflicts are common between the two. This is not just limited to Christianity there were Pakistan- Kashmir terrorist attack against the Indian Hindus. From the above, it clearly shows that the Islamic extremists are much firm to protect their religion. They will respond with violence any action that goes against the values of Islam. However, some have apply religion to protect their oppressive regimes. They carry out terrorist activities against other states claiming they are non-believers. They would want to rally the Islamic world on their side in order to stay in power. Such regimes attack nations that advocate for human rights or oppose their oppressive regimes. This group is not sincere and should be resisted at all costs. Those that need to be listened to are the ones sincerely fighting to protect Islam. The important question here is that, how can this be addressed? Despite the great difference in culture and values between the West and the Muslims it is important for the west to consider what the Muslims think. It is important to respect their religion, culture, and beliefs. Muslims put more faith in Mohamed as their prophet. The west should not ridicule Mohamed in any way. The policy changes that are necessary include political, social, and stinting policies. The Islamic world does not hate the

Lab work 9 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Lab work 9 - Coursework ExampleOn the other hand, basophils (those that stain blue) likely to liberate heparin, histamine, and serotonin in allergic reactions that intensify overall seditious response (Tortora and Derrickson 743).1f. Platelets- Function mainly in hemostasis by forming platelet plugs in damaged tide rip vessels to prevent excessive telephone line loss. They also release vasoactive chemicals that cause vascular spasm and filiation clot (Tortora and Derrickson 742).2a. Pericardium- a fibrous tissue that covers the outside of the softheartedness and some parts of the attached major source vessels. Its main functions include protection, appropriate positioning, and facilitation of heart movement as it provides adequate lubrication necessary to reduce clangoring as the heart relaxes and contracts (Snell 71).2c. Septum- divides the heart longitudinally to prevent mixing of the un oxygenated and oxygenated blood. Its overlying tissue may also be involved in nerve c onduction to regulate the rate and rhythm of the heart (Snell 73)2f. Mitral Valve- positions between the left atrium and left ventricle. It functions by rhythmic opening and closing to regulate the blood flow that enters the heart. It primarily prevents backflow of blood from the high- pressure left ventricle into the left atrium so that the blood will only flow towards the aorta (Snell 74).The capillary (or capillary bed) is the site of the actual exchange of oxygen, carbon dioxide and other metabolic products between the blood and the tissues of the body. The diameter of the capillary is small enough to allow the erythrocytes to deliver its oxygen content to the tissues in exchange of carbon dioxide which is a byproduct of cellular respiration. Metabolic products, especially urea, ar also transported to the blood by way of the capillaries. One end of the capillary is actually connected with an arteriole and the other end with a venule (Kumar 2010).Coagulation is an important phy siologic process

Production Management Principles Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Production Management Principles - Assignment ExampleThe bodily structure process is to contain believe place in a college that is also near a rural village. The project pull up stakes beca role have both disruptive and beneficial effects on the community. This section provides the corrective measures and methods that should be endow in place, where feasible, to minimize the amount of the resulting jailbreak. Generally, the community has set construction practices that take into consideration the direct impacts of the construction process and also provides for measures to minimize and if possible eliminate their effects. The Company will seek to provide an potency to the students, residents and businesses in the nearby village that it intends to work hand in hand with the community, so as to make the construction project as least disruptive as possible.The following are the direct impacts that the constructions of the student bar and student service centre may have on the l ocality and the measures which the company will undertake to ensure that the disruptions are at a minimum.Impacts arising from ring and vibrationNoise and vibrations will swipe from the use of heavy machinery during construction. The company will undertake all available measures to ensure that these impacts are minimized. Generally, the company will use the best applicable means, approach to minimize emissions of noise and vibrations. This is where... he effects of noise vibrations a) Adding sound absorbing materials or mufflers to noisy equipments b) Citing noisy equipments away from workers, students and residents e.g. in secluded places. c) Building barriers e.g. campaign wood with noise absorbing materials around noisy equipment. d) Maintenance of old equipment. 2. Impact on the tenor quality. These effects will be temporary and will arise from emissions from diesel powered construction machines as well as dust. The measures that the company will undertake to minimize these effects are a) Use of tearing to control air pollution arising from the creation of dust arising from creation of airborne particles. b) Where possible, the company will use electricity to power machinery instead of diesel. 3. Impact on the water quality Measures will be interpreted to minimize the impact of the construction activities on water bodies. To achieve this, all sediments will be tempered before being released to the environment. 4. Impact on traffic During the construction period, traffic in the area may be affected. There may arise instances where roads will be diverted or unlikable as well as private accesses such as foot paths and water ways. The company will implement all appropriate measures in both the design and construction of the project to ease delays and disruption to users of these roads throughout the project. Maintenance of traffic will be best achieved through planning and computer programing so as to reduce delays. Where appropriate, signs will be used to provide notice to the travelling creation intimately any road closures as well as any other pertinent information. Notices about construction-related activities that may inconvenience the community and road closings will put in advance to enable the human race to plan on alternative travel routes

Leadership comentary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Leadership comentary - Essay ExampleIn this essay, I will discuss on understanding empathy, which is the leadership accomplishment that I develop obtained during my practice. In this discussion, I will use a musing model to show how understanding empathy is achieved during my practice. Gibbs reflective model is what I will use (Gibbs, 1988). This contemplation model has six stages description of the events, expressing feelings, evaluating the value and ability, analysis of how bad or good the situation is, cultivation on the findings, and lastly making an action plan (Gibbs, 1988). In this essay, I will apply Gibbs reflective model to help in relating theory and critical thought to nursing practice as it may allow. Leadership role and the evidence base for the leadership skill will be included in the discussion. I will then give a conclusion to the essay that will talk active my reflection skills, recognize my qualification and present both my personal and professional develop ment (Fradd, 2004). Understanding empathy is the skill of leadership which I have chosen to deal with in this essay. I have chosen this as it is one of the quality that is needed in this field. In my first placement, I got myself to a situation where empathy was in truth needed. Understanding others in the personal level that is being in their shoes was really needed in my first placement. This gave me a sense of curiosity and I wanted to learn and know more roughly empathy. At this point, I started researching on the skill and my knowledge developed. Power, influence and authority are basic for leadership. However, satisfactory leaders ought to use less power and authority and rather use more influence. Furthermore, motivation, appreciation and thinking are more important than a simple show of power. Nurse leaders should employ third main influence categories in creating a supportive care environment.These include mentoring by instruction, modeling by example and building carin g relationships (Chin, 2008). Description of events is the initial stage of Gibbs (1988) model. I had to look after a 60 year old male uncomplaining with primary diagnosis Cancer Rectum day 14 post-op in a surgical ward. The patient had difficulties with his speaking but could understand little English. I have learned that even when under pressure, l dont have to rush through the patient (l had to look after 3 other patients). Misunderstanding and miscommunication result in not giving telling care to patients. I used eye contact and carcass language in arrange to stick out his needs. The patient was friendly and responded well, which boosted my confidence especially on mobilizing him using therapeutic communication skills. In order to communicate effectively with the patient, I had to be patient and learn new communication skills that are gestures and body language (DAntonio, 2010 Marquis & Huston, 2009). The second stage of Gibbs (1988) model of reflection involves discussion about feelings and thoughts. I was apprised that I had to do a good job and that the patients were my responsibility. Therefore, the difficulty in communication got me nervous and worried. This make me feel a lot of pressure, as I did not want the patient to know that I had difficulties in communicating with him. This got me worried about how the nursing training programme can incorporate much(prenominal) lessons. The friendly and respo

Discussion 1 Week 9 Impact of Government Regulation Assignment

Discussion 1 Week 9 Impact of Government Regulation - Assignment ExampleFor Katrinas Candies, facts revealed that the decision makers are reflecting on the surmise of expansion, either through capital investment or through merger. As such, it was commendable that different spots and links were provided to assist in the review and evaluation of various options open for Katrinas Candies in their decision for say-so merger in another country.At the onset, the site on export.gov provided crucial information for U.S. companies which are reflecting on exporting in other countries ( arena Commercial Guide, n.d.). Since Katrinas Candies signified intentions to expand in the international market, the site could provide them with needed assistance in determining the most appropriate country in the European Union area that would give the most viable opportunity to contribute to the shareholders wealth and profitability in the long run. The assistance could be provided in terms of research a ssistance on the markets to enter, as intimately as in determining regulatory requirements for the venture option that has been decided on. The site on Doing stock in the European Union 2011 Country Commercial Guide for U.S. Companies is replete with information which includes trade regulations and standards in chapter 5 that would help organizations, like Katrinas Candies, to determine and comply with the needed regulations that would facilitate establishment of a business venture in the European market (Doing Business in the European Union 2011 Country Commercial Guide for U.S. Companies , n.d.).Another relevant site that was mentioned about government regulations is the official website of the Federal dole out Commission (Federal Trade Commission, n.d.). The information on the site focuses on the premerger notification and reviewing the merger process. As such, for Katrinas Candies growth prospects of venturing into a

Henry George and Andrew Carnegie Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Henry George and Andrew Carnegie - Essay ExampleHenry George had visited a lot of places to render a democrat and develop views against the corruption that was prevalent in a government set up. He closely analyzed the situation of poverty in the different cities of the world. He finally came to the conclusion that industrial capitalism was a ground reality which was increasing the poverty in the world. It was during his early times that the revile roads and tractors were coming as revolutionary technologies. But as he reviews in his book these new technologies were of no good to the silly community as they did not up heave the status of the ugly communities (Henry 1). He rather saw all these new technologies as an act of deception to put the poor communities in a bitter turmoil where they could not avoid the overall situation. In his belief it was the secular progress which was the primary reason of poverty and hence he was against industrial capitalism as a whole.Henry George had visited a lot of places to become a democrat and develop views against the corruption that was prevalent in a government set up. He closely analyzed the situation of poverty in the different cities of the world. He finally came to the conclusion that industrial capitalism was a ground reality which was increasing the poverty in the world. It was during his early times that the rail roads and tractors were coming as new technologies. But as he reviews in his book these new technologies were of no good to the poor community as they did not up heave the status of the poor communities (Henry 1).

The difference Between Indonesian and Amercian Culture Research Paper

The difference Between Indonesian and Amercian Culture - Research news report ExampleIn this way, they vary in social, religious, and linguistic process functions that contribute in the virtues and traits that batch adhere to. The Indonesian and American husbandry have different characteristics as discussed below (Wanning). Indonesian CultureThe Indonesian culture is basically focused on their ethnic customs and a bit of foreign practices. Their official language is called Indonesian or in their terms Bahasa Indonesian which was formed through the Malay dialect. There atomic number 18 other regional dialects that the people of Indonesian use like Minangkabau or Javanese, which are spoken at home, or social places. However, the official language Indonesian is acceptable in schools, official functions, and at workplaces (Forshee 47).Indonesians value the value of communal effort by coming together in groups, village, or island to complete tasks. They in the main define themselve s in terms of ethnic setting, family, and birth place. Indonesian family structure is largely traditional in nature while members of the family adhere to strict roles and interdependence eon each other. Hierarchical relationships are merry to ensure that respect is given to individuals with status, power, position, and even age. This is common in the village administration and office where the elderly soul has the right to generate ideas and decisions. The superiors are refereed by bapak or ibu which is a title that means leader, father, or madam (Forshee 44). Indonesian strive to maintain group unity and therefore, the idea of face is crucial. It is apparent that the people try enormously to avoid causing shame malu especially in public places. In this way, they note how they speak and interact by avoiding behaviors of ridicule or shouting at another person. In the same(p) manner, they ensure that one does not blame another in public. For instance, they phrase words in a way th at the other individual would not be offended even when being turned down. It is rattling true that the words yes and no have more than twelve meanings for each of them that are used politely (The Latest Cultural Clues.). Greetings within the Indonesian confederation take a formal notion and this is comprehended as a way of showing respect. Handshakes is the form of greeting and followed by the term Selamat, while just about Indonesians often give a slight bow, or place the scripts on the heart by and by the hand shake. When a visitor is introduced a group of people, one must greet the eldest person first and use their titles to show respect. When it comes to giving gifts the process will be determined by the ethnicity of the receiver. For instance, is a person is of Chinese Indonesian descent, it is good to initially refuse a gift before pickings it. This is an indication that the receiver is not a greedy person and therefore acceptable in the community. This community also advocates that items like scissors and knives cannot be given as gifts because it signifies trying to split a relationship. For Indonesian Muslims alcohol is forbidden and all gifts must be halal. Items that are not halal are things that take alcoholic components and those with pork byproducts like gelatin. Gifts must be given to the receiver using the right hand only to indicate respect and should not be unwrapped immediately (The Latest Cultural Clues). eat is done in a relaxed and organized manner in Indonesian culture. Food is set in the middle and visitors have to wait for an invitation before beginning to eat. Dressing among Indonesians is conservative especially among the women. Women put on clothes that must cover everywhere including the ankles and neck. In business

Art History Writing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Art History Writing - designation ExampleThese paintings were oil based and mostly portrait. The influence of religion on the approach used by the prowessist of the era in the presentation of their ideas is evident from the type of pictures and paintings produced. Both the sculptures and painting of the era comprised of delightful figures moving gracefully in multi-figure compositions conveying humanity and the perfection of God.Despite the growing influence of the Italian renaissance humanism, it was not able to influence artists outside Italy (Kleiner 589). Therefore, artists in Europe were not influenced by the humanism approach employed in the art from Italy. Northern painters travelled to Rome and are known as Romanists because they were influenced by the works of Michelangelo and exhibited the stylistic tendencies of mannerism. The northern renaissance in northern Europe was not influenced by the Italian renaissance but was closely linked with the protestant reformation. Th e series of internal and external conflicts amidst the Roman Catholic Church and the protestant groups had a lasting effect on the type of art developed in northern Europe.In contrast to the 1500 to 1600 art, the 1700 t0 1800 art was comprised of the concept of depth. The frivolous paintings of Fragonard and the politically supercharged moralizing images of David influenced art (Kleiner 583). The leadership of the king of France who ruled by divine light and the development of the enlightenment thinkers indicates a change from the 1600 art. The art of the era was defined by Neo-classicism, which included the support of the revolution. It exhibited movement from the papist art that proceeded the era, which contributed significantly to the characteristics of the art depicted by Mona Lisa painting, and other paintings related to Christianity. In fact, the roman art was based on religion and the perfection of God and the role of spirituality in changing the behaviors of great deal with the focus being on the nature of

Supervision within the educationonal system Article

Supervision within the educationonal system - obligate ExampleThe participants were all from the Yorkshire region. There were a number of overarching insights the writers drew from these telephone interviews, relating to what constitutes effective supervising. The most overriding trend among the professionals interviewed was the central primacy of direct supervision. When questioned about what constitutes ineffectual supervision, however, the educational professionals that were interviewed expressed many divergent opinions on what constitutes ineffective supervision. It seems the major division in these regards is between individuals who believe that the major areas in terms of ineffective supervision is inadequate supervision conversely, there are a number of individuals who believe that ineffective supervision is a result of a lack of direct supervision. It finally indicates that there is a contend for increased training programs to ensure effective supervision. This article was enlightening as it presented the paradigm of direct supervision and highlighted its primacy as central to the supervision process. It also made me realize the importance of training to adequate supervision. plot of land a number of individuals indicated that direct supervision was primary, this may be because of their administrative role. In all its clear that inadequate supervision is an important concept that demands further investigation.The education article under mental testing is Clifford, Macy, Albi, et al.s A Model of Clinical Supervision for Preservice Professionals in Early Intervention and Early childhood Special Education. Similar to the previous article examined that proposed a Synergistic Model of Multicultural Supervision, this article proposes a model wherein preservice professionals can learn a progressive model of supervision that can be use to their work in early intervention and early childhood special education. The model they describe has been engaged to train professionals at the University of Oregon for

Manager interview Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Manager interview - Essay precedentRichard Branson has expanded his entrepreneurial efforts and diversified his companies to more than 30 countries that include Canada, Australia, United Kingdom, United States, Europe and southeastward Africa. Some of the companies under unadulterated Group include Virgin Atlantic airlines, Virgin Media, Virgin Trains, Virgin Music, Virgin Radio, Virgin mobile USA, Virgin Cola, and Virgin Brides (Hellriegel and Slocum 35). Branson engages in several sporting activities as manifest by crossing of the Atlantic in Virgin Atlantic Challenger II in 1986, alive(p) air balloon crossing in 1987 and sponsorship of mingled sporting events and teams across the world. Richard Branson is in the top centering of Virgin Group and has both human skills and conceptual skills. He has diversified the operations of the companies through various strategies in order to attain high global market sh be. He has effectively managed organisational behavior through infl uencing the efforts of employees, transformational leadership, commitment to the organizational objective, motivating the staff and ensuring effective communication in the organization. Accordingly, Richard Branson is good at decision-making and management of stress in the organization (Hellriegel and Slocum 36). ... behave Richard Branson claimed that he is capable of controlling negative feelings and emotions. He claimed that he was open to challenges, new experiences and perceives failures as learning opportunities. Richard Branson went further to assert that emotional intelligence entails self-awareness, appreciate for others and emotional stability in order to regulate both ones emotions and those of colleagues in the organization. . c) What are the critical values that are central to your success as a business leader? fare He outlined that commitment, self-confidence, tolerance, persuasiveness and positive attitude are some of the values that have enabled him senesce succe ssful enterprises and enter competitive niche markets across several industries. He claimed that his commitment to success is obvious in his record-breaking crossing of Virgin Atlantic and numerous innovative products that Virgin Group has offered to its clients. d) How do you deal and handle criticism? Answer He claimed that he perceives criticism as productive and essential to innovativeness and creativity. He is positive about constructive criticism and is open to challenges and new ideas that aim at ensuring organizational learning and implementation of innovative solutions to various societal problems. e) What is your approach to management of conflicts in your organization? Answer Richard Branson started by outlining that conflicts in the organization are inevitable due to task conflicts, differences in personality, cultural differences and differing opinions. He claimed that he is capable of making conflicts constructive through enabling conflicting parties understand the so urces of conflicts, encouraging cooperation and collaborationism in solving the conflicts

5 Steps To meeting Someone New Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

5 Steps To meeting Someone New - Essay ExampleIf your date enjoys music, perhaps the obvious natural selection would be attending a music concert. Instead, however, consider going on step further and pull in ones horns a portable CD player, a picnic basket and your date out for a secrecy lunch under the sun. If your date is a film fanatic, avoid a crowded theater and pick out for a projector and find the perfect place to host your own private showing of a waggery movie thats sure to bring a smile to your dates face. By being creative, you will show that you confine put thought into the evening.The second step is making your First Impression. First impression plays an important persona when youre meeting up with a woman, because your first impression can either make it or severance it. A lot of guys dont take this seriously, but its a fact that if youre able to make a devout first impression, then chances of you getting with that girl will be around 90%. But if you go bad to do so, then your chances are reduced dramatically to 20%. Just think about this, you moreover went on a blind date and it turns out to be that the girl doesnt smell nice, her hair looks dreadfully and she didnt put too much effort dressing up. Would you want to meet up with her again I dont think so So here are some simple things you need to remember, in aver to make a good first impression. Always look your best and smell good.

Chicago history Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

cabbage history - Assignment ExampleFor instance, voters defeat of Thompson showed that many a(prenominal) Chicago residents were tired of the ensuing disorder. Notably, reformist and citizens groups advocated for a stringent enforcement of prohibition, in addition to the immediate intrusion on corruption, crime and social vices. Thus, such belief united ethnic voters as well as politicians in Chicago and subsequently reformists mayors, such as William Dever were elected (Lecture notesChicago in the Roaring twenties 6). Question 12 Lause, Mark A. Death in the Haymarket A Story of Chicago, the First Labor Movement, and the outpouring That Divided Gilded Age America. Business And Economics--Labor And Industrial Relations 60 (2007) 298-300. The objective of this article is to catch the repercussion of Haymarket riots and its brunt on the working class plus radical deeds within the recognizable provisions of defeat as well as demise. The article assesses the repression of labor pl us radicalism within Chicago, based on the assumption that at that place was an extensive authorized repression aimed at destroying the eight-hour movement along with the unity it momentarily inspired. Thus, according to Lause the police fundamentally prevented an imminent revolution. The position taken by the author is that, even though segments of the movement at number one backed away from the charged men, the extensive defense campaign shifted to an amnesty movement which inspired redbrick socialist International that went on to declare whitethorn Day an international labor day. Green, James. Death in the Haymarket A Story of Chicago, the First Labor Movement, and the Bombing That Divided Gilded Age America. The Journal of American History 94.1 (2007) 302-303. This journal article re-creates the Haymarket riots in order to demonstrate the growth of the earliest great labor movement following the American Civil War along with the twenty-year fight for the eight-hour working pe riod. Green displays how the movement triumphed over several setbacks to coordinate a sequence of strikes which swept the nation during 1886, and as a conduct positioning the unions for a triumph on the eve of Haymarket tragedy. Green examines the frustrations, tensions plus exhilarating victories of the Midwestern line of descent of strength of Gilded Age. Question 13 The cost of the Fair is worth the benefits Chicago received, since it generated extensive vehemence in opposition to immigrants and the labor leaders. Moreover, the affair destroyed the labor movement resistance in Chicago and is not worth the benefits Chicago received since it only stimulated the social consciousness of many commonwealth in Chicago rather than bridging reforms. However, it enthused generations of leftist activists and artists and it is for the most part considered as the origin of global May Day observances for workforces. The fair also displayed the worst of the city class struggle. Question 14 Paddon, Anna R and fling Turner. African Americans and the Worlds Columbian Exposition,. Illinois Historical Journal 88.1 (1995) 19-36. The thesis of the article is that even though the fair officials deter the attempts of African Americans in achieving reforms, the activities conducted in that fair became the foundation for African American political social along with artistic movement. Hence, the aim of the study was to examine the approach, group alignment, together with mentoring relationships formed by Africans Americans from the fair. The authors Paddon,

The Thomas Kincaid Galleries Essay Example for Free

The Thomas Kincaid Galleries EssayConsider what you think of as wile and then try to explain what makes it machination. What do you respond to in a cypher of cunning? Is it the way it looks, or the way it makes you feel or the views it brings to mind? How all important(p) atomic number 18 the formal qualities?. How important is the content? Should one be subservient to the other? These ar somewhat subjective criteria and there are really no right and wrong answers, but please think about the question badly and be sure to reference actual transactions of art in your word to illustrate your ideas. The text of the question seriously and be sure to reference actual fashions of art in your discussion to illustrate your ideas. Hands on Art Project 100 points Create a naturalise of art that makes a statement. It can be done in any medium you like. See what materials you might already have on hand.. (i. e. crayons, markers, fabric scraps, paints or any interesting objects tha t would serve your purpose. ) It can be quiet completely of collaged images or found objects so that you do not need to be able to draw.The work can make a political or social statement or it can be of a more personal nature, but you need to be able to verbalize the basic innovate of the piece. The purpose of this project is to experience some of the processes of creating a work of art. Essay 2 Compare and line The text of this essay is to be at least 750 words 160 points 1. Select a work of art from the text (preferably a color image) 2. First, spend time looking thoroughly at this work of art, then write an analysis of it. Think in wrong of subject, form and content.Look for the elements of design and the principles of organization. How is the artisan using shape, color, line, and texture? How is the piece balanced? What rhythms are established? Do we get a sand of movement? How is he or she using these formal aspects to help convey a mood, or idea? Also, you may want to fin d out a little about the artists and the historical period they represent. What do you think was the purpose for making this piece? What do you think they were trying to say? 3. Find other work that is homogeneous in some way.For example, two still-lifes, portraits, landscapes, or work on a similar theme, like mother and child, the crucifixion, etc. Look carefully at both, compare, and agate line the two. Again, think in terms of form, subject and content. How are they similar? In what ways are they different? Be specific. 4. Respond to these works of art, both critically and personally. Do you think they are equally successful as works of art? Why? How do they make you feel? Do you like them? Why or why not? Essay 3 Art Review (at least. 500 words) 100 Points Go to an art exhibition at a museum or gallery near you.Colleges universities often have art exhibitions on campus. This must be an actual, not a virtual exhibition. (Note The Thomas Kincaid galleries are not acceptable f or this assignment) Look at the only show and give your overall impression of the show. Does the show have a theme? What kind of work does it include? Choose a piece or two to describe (as you did in the compare and contrast essay. ) Did you like the work? Why or why not? Which pieces were particularly meaningful? The Thomas Kincaid Galleries are not suitable for this assignment.

Drunk Driving Essay Example for Free

Drunk operate EssayDriving while under the influence is a serious conundrum in our present society. According to interior(a) Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) alcohol- think motor vehicle crashes kill someone e real 31 minutes and injures someone every two minutes. (Impaired Driving) What should be a cause of engage is that the untested persons are most often involved in alcohol related capricious accidents. Statistics shows that although young assumers drop up but 14% of the US Population, youths aged 16-24 deal been involved in 28% of the alcohol-related driving accidents. Despite these statistics however I believe that we still should not conclude that youths are most monstrous drivers and are the sole responsible for cases of drink and wino driving. I believe that the incidence of alcohol related accidents involving young drivers are aggravated by the fact that these drivers are not only relatively new drivers because of their young age but also be cause they have less tolerance for alcohol compared to an adult.It must be stressed however that drinking and the cases of rum driving have been declining among young drivers. Studies show that drinking among the youth has been consistently dropping. Research shows that at that place is a downward trend of alcohol consumption among high check students according to a PRIDE Survey released Sept. 1999 which states that the proportion of both junior and senior high aim students who have consumed any(prenominal) alcohol during the year has dropped again for the third year in a row.This is confirm by in a study which declared that within a period of about 20 years, the proportion of American high school seniors who have ever consumed alcohol is down 13% have consumed alcohol within the front year is down 15% have consumed alcohol within previous 30 days is down 27% have recently consumed alcohol daily is down 67% have binged is down 24%. (Young Drivers and Alcohol) Thus, my message for the youth of today is that the perception that more and more high school students are drinking and are driving even when drunk is without any substance and basis.Empirical research has proven these perceptions to be inaccurate. High school students who are not into drinking or driving while being under the influence of alcohol should not therefore be pressured into doing the same because much(prenominal) is not the norm in our present society but a clear deviance. The norm is still that young people are staying away from alcohol and that more and more young people do not drive when drunk.Although alcohol problems and drunk driving have been on a downward trend, the reality is that too many young people end up dead or seriously injured as a result of the incidence of drunk driving in our society. boundless lives have been lost and we expect thousands more to die if drunk driving leave behind continue to be comportd by our contemporary society. Increasing the period of impri sonment is I think a reactive resolution as most people who are drunk no longer have the presence of instinct to think of the possible penalty that will be meted against them when they are caught.A proactive solution to this problem is the conduct of awareness programs on the extent of this problem. People have to become aware that when they drink and drive they become a danger not only to themselves but to other people as well. there is a high probability that they could either get killed or kill an innocent civilian. The second rate will be for the society as a whole to be vigilant and not to tolerate people who drink and drive. This can be done by means of social disapproval or pressuring a friend not to drink especially when he will drive.Friends and family atoms play a very important part in the success of this task since they are considered authority figures who may persuade a person not to drink or a person who is drunk not to drive. This message will not back in the sen se that the youth will begin to think that drinking and drunk driving are the norms because I have established that such is not the case. Empirical research has shown that there is no scientific basis in the statement that more and more youth people are drinking alcohol and are drinking while being under the influence of alcohol.Not only did I establish that drinking and drunk driving are not social norms but I also established that people in our present society would rather stay away from such vices. Further, my message placed the responsibility for drinking and drunk driving not only to the person who is drunk but also to the families, relatives and friends of the person who is drunk. We cannot stop this problem by increasing the period of imprisonment, rather, every member of our society must be vigilant and take an active part in controlling this problem.

Set Up and Operate a Business in Foreign Country Essay Example for Free

Set Up and Ope come out a Business in Foreign Country EssayThis paper deals with the international end product line. It emphasizes on the means to scrawl the headache and the represent associated with the initiation of the clientele. It also describes the most important aspect of managing homo resource. Because of the competitive surroundings, the need to do the business internation everyy has extendd. This paper deliver the goodss the everyplaceview of the two countries i. e. china and randomness Africa. long description of the legal processes that were supposed to be followed by the company to initiate business in the mainland mainland mainland chinawargon has been explained. Apart from this, the staffing of local and expatriate staff along with the labor establishment and legislation of the foreign outlandish has been described. in that locationfore, the paper provides detailed analysis of the conditions that should be kept in mind while demonstrateing business in the foreign unpolished. Introduction International business is a term, which is used collectively to describe issues relating to the firms surgical processs with interests in numerous countries. These firms atomic number 18 sometimes referred as multinational corporations. The main empyrean of misgiving in the international business is the cultural considerations.These considerations embroil dissimilarity in law and legal dusts, vivacious standards, language barriers, climate and many more (Cherunilam, 2005). All these issues need to be overcome for an MNC in golf-club to obtain succeeder in an overseas venture. Nationwide sparingal ontogenesis and globalization of the economy provide an outstanding background for businesses in china as compared to the southeast Africa. Nevertheless, the step-up of the company and sustainability bed be hampered by the operators like industry consolidation, economic reform and globalization.The project of building substantial co mpanies and integrating them effectively into the global mart placeplace is a complicated task. Reasons Why Company Going Global umpteen companies and businesses take out into international selling because of the existence of competitive environment. This environment compels the company to move further rather than staying at the same stage and size by just focusing on the quality. Another reason of growth and expansion is the fear of loosing the customers. If the company would not show sustainable growth, competitors would move ahead and chances of loosing of customers leave increase (Cherunilam, 2005).Other general reasons for going international are political changes like changes in the regulation of blend in and safety and economic changes that include cost of production. If on that point is an increase in the cost of production at home, company looks for places where cost of production is reasonable. The four major objectives that compel the company to go for internationa l business are to enlarge the sales, to successfully get hold of the resources, to diversify the sources of sales and to look for the diversifying the supplies (Kazmi, 2002).Overview Population china China is a socialist republic and the most populous country with population over 1. 3 billion. It is having 90. 9% literacy rate (male 95. 1% female 86. 5%). The average educational achievement in China is low. southwest Africa South Africa is a nation of diverse origins, languages, gardenings and beliefs with population over 47-million. It is having 86. 4% literacy rate (male 87% female 85. 7%) of total population. The average educational achievement in South Africa is very low.geographic LocationChina China is fixed in Eastern Asia bordering the East China sea, Korea Bay, Yellow Sea and South China Sea among North Korea and Vietnam. China has mountains, high plateaus, deserts in tungsten and plains, deltas, and hills in eastern land. The geographic coordinates of China are 3 500N, 10500E. The total welkin reportage of China is 9,596,960 square kilometers (land area is 9,326,410 square km and water is 270,550 square km). China is the worlds third-largest country in total area after Russia and Canada, and the second largest country by land area.The total land sharpness is 22,117 km and the border countries are Afghanistan, Bhutan, Burma, India, Kazakhstan, North Korea, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Mongolia, Nepal, Pakistan, Russia, Tajikistan and Vietnam. Chinas coastline is 14,500 km (China, 2008). South Africa South Africa is located at the southern region of Africa. The geographic coordinates of South Africa are 29 00 S, 24 00 E. The total area is 1,219,912 sq km. The total land boundary is 4,862 km and the border countries are Botswana, Lesotho, Mozambique, Namibia, Swaziland and Zimbabwe. Its coastline is 2,798 km.South Africas northwest region is desert and eastern is well watered. GDP, Per Capital Income, Current Inflation Rate, Unemployment Rate China The GDP is $3. 42 trillion and offici on the wholey recorded GDP growth rate is 11. 4% in 2007, per capital income is $ 2000, largeness rate is 7% in 2007 and it has jumped to 8. 7 percent in February after severe winter storms interrupt the economy and worsened food shortages (Chinas inflation at decade high, 2008). Unemployment rate in urban area is 8%-10% (China Unemployment rate, 2008). South Africa The GDP is $283 billion, real GDP growth rate is 5. % in 2007, per capita income is $ 5700, inflation rate is 7. 1% and unemployment rate is 23% in Sep. 2007 (South Africa Profile, 2008).Type of Legal System China The legal outline is based on civil law schema. It is derived from Soviet and continental civil code legal principles. The general assembly holds the power to interpret the acts. There are seven categories of laws in chinas legal system these are the constitution and related laws, civil and commercial laws, administrative laws, economic laws, social laws, criminal laws, and judicial proceeding and non-litigation procedural laws (The Constitution and Legal System, 2008).South Africa The legal system is based on Roman-Dutch law and side common law. There is an independent judiciary in South Africa. Constitutional hook and Supreme Court are the highest court in the country. Constitutional Court deals with constitutional matters and Supreme Court deals with the final appeals of all the other matters. The bill of rights provides fundamental political and social rights to South Africas citizens (South Africa, 2008). Type of Economic System China China is a major economic power and it has great potential of the development.Previously, the public sector was in dominant position, but after 2001, a socialistic market economy is taking place in China and the intensive mode is replacing the extensive mode of economic growth (Economic System, 2008). South Africa The South African economy is an industrialized and productive economy. It has inadequate distribution of income wealth. Labor is divided into formal and cozy sector. Formal sector is more developed, which is based on agriculture, manufacturing, run and mining.South Africa is looking forward for privatization along with free arket economy and favorable investment climate (Economy South Africa, 2008). Type of Political System China The National People Congress is the highest authority of state power in China. The muckle congress system is the fundamental political system in China. The representatives are elected by people at all levels. South Africa The South African Republic is a federal state constituting of a national presidential term and nine provincial governments. The constitution of South Africa was adopted in 1996 and implemented officially on 4 February, 1997.President of South Africa is the executive head of the state and leads the cabinet. He is elected for a two quin year terms by the parliament (South Africa, 2008). Estimates of Future Economic Growth General Econo mic Projects China China has become the worlds fastest ripening economy after the economic reforms in 1979. It has achieved 11. 4% GDP growth rare in 2007. Industrial manufacturing expansion has contributed in Chinas rapid economic growth. European Union, Japan, United States, Hong Kong and ASEAN are the major trading partner of China.Rapid economic growth of China results in an increase in income, which in turn makes China a gigantic market for a variety of goods and services. So it would be beneficial for any company to start operation in China. South Africa In previous years, South African economy was not doing well. organization was liner the problem of unemployment and exiguity. But in novel years, country is seeking to achieve stable growth rate. To invoke economic growth, South Africa is making optimal use of available resources and reducing completer dependence on essential sector industries.South African companies are immediately investing in retail, banking service s, telecommunication and shipping industry. Government is seeking to liberalize its economic policies to attract FDI and increase future economic growth and now outlander companies may think to start its operations in South Africa. Social and Cultural Factors Social divisor in China In China, the main focus of the business entities is on the corporate social responsibility. The Chinese region has become the region full of opportunities for MNCs in these days because of the rapid rise, elaborating receptiveness and growing consumer market.The social factors reflect the true picture of societys attitude towards the corporate. The symmetrical society construction stimulates forces on businesses for concentrating on corporate social responsibility (Kyoon, 2007). Cultural factors in China Understanding the culture of a country is one of the important factors in front of modern organizations. The traditions and customs vary among towns, cities and provinces in China. The social network mental synthesiss in China assist in understanding the information sharing between the people (Kyoon, 2007).The Chinese environment is now open for the outsiders. The cultural values include the belief in God, unity, optimism and readiness to work together according to the rules of law. Social factor in South Africa The social environment of South Africa is highly imbalanced and not much developed. It suffers from the problems of increasing population, poverty, illiteracy and lack of resources. The population of South Africa was 40. 6 million in 1996, which is growing apace at the rate of 2% per year.If the same arch continues, then by the year 2035, the population of South Africa will be approximately 86 million. This will be a problematic situation as the country has limited resources to support its increasing population. There is already a pressure on the resources to meet the needs and requirements of the people (Social Environment, 1999). Many people in the country live in informal and inadequate houses and just half of the population lives in towns and cities. Many people living in rural as well as urban areas even do not induce access to water supply, electricity, sanitation and other services.Nowadays, the urban population of South Africa is rapidly increasing because of factors like growing employment opportunities, land reform and restitution and immigration from other countries. Unemployment and poverty are the major problems in South Africa that affect the social life of the people. The poverty level is the highest among the fatal population of South Africa. It has reached up to a level of 60%. The education level of the country has increase as compared to the previous year levels, as the country has reformed its educational system.Almost, all South Africans now have access to education but still about 7. 5 million people are functionally illiterate. Such factors contribute to high crime rates in the country that have noticeably increased in the urban areas. These and other factors contribute to the high crime rates currently experienced in many urban centers. To promote sustainable development and reduce social imbalances such as poverty, unemployment and pressure on natural resources, the Government has developed a number of policies and passed a number of laws bespeaking at some constructive work in this direction.These include the Reconstruction and Development Programme, a White write up on Population Policy, and the National Crime Prevention Strategy (Social Environment, 1999). Cultural Factor in South Africa Africa has a diverse cultural environment with about 800 languages spoken all over the continent. Among these, South Africa have 11 official languages of its own, i. e. English, Afrikaans, Tsonga, Xhosa, Ndebele, Southern Sotho, Zulu, Tswana, Venda, Northern Sotho, and Swati. There are many cross-cultural challenges that are overcritical to success and organizations should be prepared to face these challe nges.AnalysisThe company has chosen china for its operations as china has successfully emerged as the best suitable market for the consumer products, especially in terms of the growth rate, potential and the market size. China is providing huge benefits to attract the players from the United States. The growth graph of the china depicts that the market of the consumer electronics is growing with a CAGR of 11. 7 percent from the year 2002 to 2006. Future also shows the greater intensity of market growth. There is a greater possibility of bright future in Consumer Products. The Company is willing to start its operation.Another major factor for establishing operation in china is the population as it is regarded the driving factor for any business. Apart from this, there is a well established market of credit card, which has increased the popularity of the consumer products in the country (Windsor Jones, 1999). China is the highly populous country and demands for consumer products are fuelling with greater pace. In china, urban centers are emerging which are called secondary cities, which comprise of 8 to 10 million people. These cities have huge buying power and industrial development.These cities would be best for the companys operations and are located interiorly past from the cost. Tsingtao is a city, which is suitable for the operation of the company because its urban area is quickly expanding. It is also having excellent connections with the countryside. The liquid income of the people is quite similar to the people in the bigger cities. Another reason for selecting this place is that the people in this city show greater likeability towards the product of the United States and relate the product with greater level of integrity. People show positive view and experience towards the U. S consumer products.Operations In order to establish operation in china, companys chairperson should visit these cities, must talk to the local officials and vex networking. Apart from this, the most important thing is to analyze the competitors working and strategies. Another step that the company can adopt is subcontracting, which can be done by forming joint ventures with the manufacturers of china. If the company doesnt possess complete resources for joint venture, company can go for forming the partnership or pool in the United States. This consortium acts as the legal entity, which can form partnership with the Chinese manufacturer.The advantage of the consortium is that it reduces risk and the cost for the company (Barron, 2006). While selecting the operations, evaluation should be made based on the analysis of cash report and not on absorption accounting. As in absorption accounting, the fixed costs are prorated over small volume of production and thus the number obtained can deter company from moving production to a subcontractor. The other operations include integrity of product and trade safety, fair balanced economic development, financ ial sector reform, security energy efficiency, sustainability in environment and bilateral investment.All the above mentioned reforms would facilitate the company to establish business opportunities in china. The agreement between the United States and China that relates to conduction of business with extensive cooperation covers the issue of climate change, environmental sustainability and energy security. This type of agreement would advance the innovation in the technology and the acceptance of extremely-efficient and clean energy technology will encourage the development of technology so as to address the changes in the climate and promoting natural resources.Three major factors, which can determine the success in the Chinese market and should be kept in mind, are Culture Understanding of Chinese culture and behavior can provide better option to fulfill the demands of the customers. Value Proposition This includes having the cognition of technical know how and understanding th e level of competitiveness. Negotiation The Company should implement negotiation technique as per the way of Chinese. Success of doing business in China depends greatly on the extent of adoption to the requirements of he local customs instead of the value proposition of foreign investors.Legal processes In the process of head start a new business, Legal and regulatory processes play a very vital role. Legal processes include several restrictions, intrusive bureaucracy, dissimilar understanding of regulations from place to place even between authorities and recent formulations of policies that are aimed at safeguarding the domestic companies. Therefore, before starting any operation in the foreign country (china) the company should understand regulations and their applications before entering into any agreement.The company should look for legal proposals from experienced professional firms. Due attention should be given to the financial and legal background and also on the disposi tion of key partners. Apart from this, partners and employees should be educated on the protection of the intellectual property. If required, the rights can be obligate but for this, all the terms and conditions should be well known. Management Organization Structure Organization anatomical complex body part plays a vital role in determining the success of the company in the host country.Therefore, there is a requirement of change in the organization structure in order to accommodate a firms internationalization approach in answer to the worldwide competition. Significant research has shown that the structure of the firm must be conducive to the strategy implementation. In simple words, it can be state that the structure should fit the strategy. Managers should work towards achieving the fit between the structure and the strategy (Gupta, 2007). Management organizational structure refers to the representation of a formal structure, which describes relationship inside an organizati on.The level to which authorization is assigned ascertains centralization and decentralization. most(prenominal) of the MNCs in their initial phases of globalization utilized an international section traversing certain regions of the world to bring off the functions in those regions. Matrix organizational structure is very effective for the business. The structure of the organization is decentralized, which merge the advantages of be large with the agility and tautness of smaller organizations. The small segments of the business assist in concentrating more on the needs and equirements of the customers and employees effectively.The companys employees are associated with the goals and objectives for an established global enterprise. The organization is mainly focusing on the way in which the products and services are delivered to the customers. The development and marketing of products and services in an effective formulation provide specialized and quality services to external and internal customers. The autonomous operating companies broaden the geographic reach of the associates around the world and provide larger marketplace and product focus.This way, the employees get closer to the customers and business. The employees would be able to gain more sensation of ownership in driving the business. The employees are authorized to aim their business to fulfill the varying needs of customers inside their regions (Mathew, 2003). The decentralized operating companies, associates and business sections are fall in in the organization structure, which ensures that the activities are aligned with the overall strategic objectives. All the employees perform their work consistently with the high ethical standards.As the company rises, the structure also develops, assuring the effective growth of the business portfolio. In recent years, the business sections have constituted shared service groups that raise and confirm the capabilities of the someone companies in th e elementary domains of responsibility. The corporate headquarters in the U. S. function with the family of companies for producing great synergism and efficiency by collaboration, dispersion of better patterns and organization of shared business information.The corporate headquarters render direction and services in different critical areas, which include human resources, finance, advertising, and law. The consequences of environmental circumstance (instability of technology), industrial circumstance (production technology) and organization structure on the involvement of customer in product development are the main areas of concentration in China (Windsor Jones, 1999). The earlier results demonstrate that for going through customer orientation in the firms at China, the company has to modulate towards market driven economic entities.

Scientific Process behind Games of Chance Essay Example for Free

Scientific Process tush Games of meet EssayThe prospect of harming the price m wizy is wholeness of the approximately influential if not primordial reasons why people engage in casino counts. The degrees may vary, but there allow constantly be a certain relish to win. Even the instrumentalist who once failed continues to hope that luck ordain turn to his or her side in the following round. For some, winning gives a certain sense of achievement. thither atomic number 18 those who ar solely thrilled by the momentary joy it brings. Still, some simply urgency to gain money for profit. The prospect of winning usually conceals the truth behind the likelihood of success.Luck is one thing, but the possibility of winning in casino plays primarily lies on its maths. Scientific Process behind Games of Chance Generally, people obtain a certain amount of pleasure whenever they engage in a form of volunteer(a) bodily process such(prenominal) as playing games. In any stud y, such recreational activity provides a chance to entertain fun, a test of fate, escape and diversion, and intellectual stimulus. However, the kinds of games played with the desire to win the money argon the ones that be pull down more challenging, thrilling, and pleasurable.The desire to succeed in a game of chance or wits is supported by the desire to collect the monetary reward. In addition, although most people are motivated to engage in gambling not solely becaexercising of the most coveted honor of money but for the entertainment that games of chance digest offer, money nonetheless ashes to be an essential if not dominant factor. Money is a means to keep track of the score. Likewise, it is the prize for a game nearly played and a price to pay for a bad game (Vancura, Cornelius, Eadington, 2000).By definition, gambling is a gaming behavior that involves running the risk of valuables or money on the result of a certain game, levelt, or contest for that matter (Author, year). Arguably, the result of a gambling activity is completely or to some extent dependent on chance. It remains to be a disputable topic to date. in that respect are those who take pleasure in the likelihood of winning. There are those who simply appreciate having a good time in playing the games.Still, there are those people who are not interested in any form of gambling activity for they believe that the appeal of the monetary prize depart only trigger the players to develop an addiction to the game. In essence, the casino gaming production line is simple. It thrives on its games due to the laws of prospect. Effective marketing strategies and sound management practices may help bolster the tail assembly line, but in the end, the house usually wins the game. This is due to the mathematical exhibit the casinos have over its players. This, of course, is no secret.People have been gambling and trying to figure out the house march on for the longest time. Nonetheless, in time the clean gambler is at least indistinctly aware that casinos make money because of the mathematical knock against provided by the games. The details, though, are a mystery to many who fail to grasp the subtleties, and sometimes the obvious, about the mathematics behind the games (Hannum, 2005). All things considered, commercial gaming, an industry that is built upon statistics and probability is a huge and thriving trade enterprise Commercial Gaming and the MathIf a player would want to advance his or her winning chances, he or she must initially try to rise above his or her hesitations to the degree that is accomplishable. Afterwards, the player must then consider the consequences of his or her possible dodge. The manner of management is certainly dependent upon the really basis of the uncertainty. For instance, if a players would want to come to a decision whether he or she would engage in a game of chance, then such player must initially consider the odds to reass ure whether or not they are appealing in contrast to the amount to be gambled (Bewersdorff Kramer, 2004).Critics of the gaming credit line have long blamed it that in order to sound more politically correct, they refer to their punt as a gaming rather than a gambling enterprise. Representatives of the gaming business did not strickle the term, though. It has been in existence for several years already. Perhaps, the term more correctly describes the business for the reason that casino operators usually do not engage into gambling activities. Rather, they depend on the mathematics of the games to assure verifying cash flow. The House AdvantageThe money generated from a gambling game derives from the evaluate care for, or forecast, of the wager. This tax represents the monetary value that a bettor can expect to be losing of winning sooner or later if the wager were to be made a large number of times. In principle, the expected value can be build by multiplying each possible o utcome or payoff by its probability of occurring, and then summing these products. In double-zero toothed wheel, for example, a $5 even-money bet on the color red has expected value equal to (+5)(18/38) + (-5)(20/38) = -0.263 (Hannum, 2005). It is important to note that in a double-zero roulette, there are 18 black, 18 red, in addition to the 0 and 00 green numbers. Generally, more than $. 25 for every $5 bet on red will be lost by a player, generating a 5. 3% house edge on such bet (Hannum, 2005). For some games, the relevant probabilities for the outcomes of a wager may be knotty to derive, and it is necessary to use more sophisticated mathematics or computer simulations to estimate the games statistical advantage.Notwithstanding of the method applied in computation, the house advantage can be regarded as the cost to a player for engaging in the game. Everything else equal including bets for every hour as well as mediocre bet size, a player who bets in a game with a quaternion pct house advantage is likely to recede his or her money twice as chop-chop as the other player who is betting in a game with a two portion house edge (Hannum, 2005). The Winning Advantage There is wide variation in house advantages for wagers found in casino games, depending on the particular bet, the rules in effect, and, in some cases, the level of skill of the player.There are those who believe that certain casino games such as slots machines, the big wheel of fortune, keno, baccarat, crap, and roulette are games of sheer chance. They argue that in these games, no amount of strategy or skill can exploit the eventual outcome of the game. They further argue that with a house advantage of less than 1% and 1. 2% taking into favor a conservative play, the games of craps and baccarat provide the best chance of winning (Hannum, 2005). For slots, on the other hand, it would cost a player five up to ten part on the average. For double-zero roulette, it would register at 5.3%. In ke no and the big wheel of fortune, however, the average house advantages will be about thirty and twenty per centum, correspondingly (Hannum, 2005). Games wherein a certain degree of skill can lay outtle the players antepast are the popular poker-based games, moving picture poker, and blackjack. Optimal strategy will produce a house advantage between a trinity up to five percent, in as far as the popular poker-based games are concerned (Hannum, 2005). Statistical advantage in video poker differs from every machine. Nonetheless, in general, video poker can be quite player-friendly.Taking into consideration an expert strategy, it is not unusual to produce a house advantage of fewer than three percent for this game. There are those which fall below one percent, and occasionally a player can square up a video poker game with a return greater than 100 percent. The house edge for the blackjack game differs with the number of decks used as well as with every rule applied. With distinc tive rules, taking into consideration a player employing a basic strategy in a regular(prenominal) six-deck game, he or she will only play against a house advantage of 0. 5 percent.Nonetheless, the average player of a blackjack game will ultimately give about two percent advantage to the casino whenever he or she decides to deviate from such strategy (Hannum, 2005). Flaws, Myths, Faults, and Misconceptions Most casino wagers have a negative expectation. However, there are certain exceptions. A few professionals can make a living at race or sports betting or at a scorecard means poker wherein the opposition is other players. Blackjack can be played with a positive expectation using card counting. A few video poker machines can be played with a player advantage.Moreover, the odds waged in craps have a house edge of zero even though such wage is not possible without making one more negative expectation wager. Occasionally, a casino will likewise give a promotion that offers an edge to the player. The aforementioned are the gross mistakes caused by overzealous casino personnel who did not bother to check the math, and in such cases the promotions are usually terminated quickly when it becomes apparent the players have the mathematical edge. Odds Explained The term odds can mean several things.However, it is commonly used to refer to the chances of winning. For example, the odds are a million to one of hitting the jackpot. When used in this sense, many people confuse odds with probability. When a card is selected at random from a standard deck of 52 playing cards, there is a probability of 1 in 4 that the card will come out as a spade. The odds that the card will not turn out to be a spade are three to one. It is not uncommon for people to mistakenly interpret 3 to 1 odds as centre the event will occur on average once in three tries.In the game of lottery, the odds of winning the jackpot can be derived from a mathematical calculation. In the Lotto 6/49 game, for instance, 6 digits are drawn from a pool of digits ranging from 1 up to 49. Here, the amount of possible combinations is only less than fourteen million (Smitheringale, 2003). Hence, the odds to win the jackpot on one slating will be 1 in fourteen million. Selling more tickets will not influence the odds since it remains constant. Selling more tickets will only effect in an increase in the jackpot price as well as on the potential number of winners (Smitheringale, 2003).Each scene Lottery Terminals, otherwise k instantern as VLTs has their own game program and processor board which working separately from all of the other Video Lottery Terminals. A random number source is incorporate every VLT. It is that which controls losses and wins. In this case, a winning outcome cannot be predicted. Moreover, there is completely no pattern or order to the emergence of the results. For slot machines and VLTs, the payback works on percentages. More wagers in the end lead to more money lost in the game (Smitheringale, 2003).On the other hand, in a roulette game, there are thirty-seven numbered slots where the roulette ball could drop on any case-by-case turn of the wheel (Smitheringale, 2003). In one bet, the real odds of selecting the right number are 36 to one. Conversely, the payoffs for selecting such number are thirty-five to one. The distinction between the payoff odds and the real odds generate a 2. 7 percent house advantage. This indicates that a player will eventually lose 2. 7 percent on the average of every bet he or she makes (Smitheringale, 2003).In case of the blackjack game, the house advantage can fall somewhere from one up to twenty percent (Smitheringale, 2003). It all depends on the players skill as well as on the set of rules applied. Those who play following a perfect strategy can lower the house advantage to one percent. Nonetheless, those players remain at a drawback and will ultimately lose money. Playing a perfect strategy means playing a in a prearranged fashion, considering the up-card of the dealer and the players hand.No other than the card counters which are rare, can expect to obtain quite a slim advantage or to totally even out the odds in the game. In another use of the term, the payoff for a winning wager is at times reported in terms of odds a winning bettor who gets odds of 3 to 1 is paid three times as much as he or she bets (Hannum, 2005). The real odds correspond to the payoff that would produce a better fair. In a double-zero roulette for instance, a bet on one number has probability of 1 in 30.This means that for a player to ultimately breakeven, he or she would have to be paid 37 to 1 (Hannum, 2005). The working behind the Games In terms of gambling, the concept of randomness denotes that every possibility on a gimmick is consistently possible on every trial of the machine (Smitheringale, 2003). It is incorporated into gambling games to guarantee that the players cannot precisely calculate what the subsequent outcome would be like. Examples of gambling devices which generate numbers or events in random order are slot machines, VLTs, dice, cards, and roulette wheels.Generally, a random number generator is incorporated in nearly all forms of gambling games. Every attempt on a random number generator is not just random. Rather, it is likewise independent of all the others. In this sense, preceding outcomes have no military posture upon the present or upcoming results. House advantage is a term used to refer to the mathematical advantage that the gambling operator has to guarantee that eventually, the house will generate money (Smitheringale, 2003). It is usually in a form of a percentage. It can go from a comparatively small value to a fairly huge percentage.For instance, the house advantage for blackjack players can be at approximately 1% while it can register to approximately 50% for those who play the lotteries (Smitheringale, 2003). The value corresponds to the amount in average that a player will suffer the loss of for each and every bet he or she makes. It is otherwise known as the percentage, theoretical win percentage, or house edge. There are those who use the term house advantage to refer to the odds of the game and try to avoid games with bad odds. confusion regarding independent events and the so-called law of averages are at the core of many fallacies about gambling.Arguably, the most common of these is the gamblers fallacy. It is manifested in different forms. Some gamblers will bring into play this fallacy following a serial of losses and chase, as they say those losses with larger bets, believing that their so-called luck must now change direction (Bewersdorff Kramer, 2004). The casino industry was build upon probability laws as well as on proper game analysis that can guarantee positive casino revenues on the long term. For some, the essential fluctuations can be considered as bad luck or otherwise depending on the direction to wher e it leans toward.Nonetheless, in reality, as far as the gaming business is concerned, winning does not depend on perfect(a) luck, it lies rather in the math. References Bewersdorff, J. , Kramer, D. (2004). Luck, logic, and White Lies The Mathematics of Games. Massachusetts A K Peters, Ltd. Hannum, R. (2005). Risky Business The delectation and Misuse of Statistics in casino Gaming. Chance, 18, 41-47. Smitheringale, B. (2003). FastFacts on Gambling. Addictions Foundation of Manitoba, 5-50. Vancura, O. , Cornelius, J. , Eadington, W. (2000). Finding the Edge Mathematical Analysis of Casino Games. Reno University of Nevada Press.

Brain Structures and Functions Worksheet Essay Example for Free

Brain Structures and Functions Worksheet Essay add a brief description for each of the following functions1. Basal gangliaThe basal ganglia is factor of the corpus striate body and is in the cerebral hemispheres. It is do up of the substantia nigra and subthalamic nucleas and controls cognition, movement coordination and voluntary movement. 2. Corpus collosumThe corpus collosum is make up of nerve fibers and separates the cerebrum into a remedy hemisphere and a left hemisphere. This musical composition of the spirit connects the right and left sides and also controls the communication between the two sides. It controls eye movement, tactile localization and keeps a ratio between arousal and attention. 3. Temporal lobeThe temporal lobe is part of the cerebral cortex. It controls how we perceive and see sounds as well(p) as our memory, speech and our emotional responses. 4. Occipital lobeThe occipital lobe is part of the cerebral cortex. It controls how we perceive what we see and how we agnise colors. 5. Frontal lobeThe frontal lobe is part of the cerebral cortex. Its the part of the brain that we use for problem-solving, decision-making, and planning. 6. CerebrumThe cerebrum is the largest part of the brain and its the most developed atomic number 18a in the brain. This part of the brain controls body functions, which includes muscle movement, sensory impulses and touch sensation. The cerebrum also controls organization, planning, intelligence level, personality as well as the way we think, process and understand language. 7. Spinal cordThe spinal cord is made up of nerve fibers and runs from the brain to the spine. The spinal cord sends the signals that go to and from the brain and the rest of the body. 8. CerebellumThe cerebellum is made up of both white matter and of thin colour matter that is folded and layered on the outside of the cerebellum. It includes neurons that we use to process data and controls our coordination, balance, and equi librium. 9. MedullaThe medulla is part of the hindbrain. Its functions are that it controls the functions of our nervous system such as digestion, breathing, sneezing and sw entirelyowing. The medulla also sends the nerve signals between the spinal cord and the brain. 10. PonsThe pons is the part of the hindbrain that connects the cerebral cortex and the medulla oblongata. This is the part of the brain that controls arousal, sleep, and our nervous system functions. It also sends the sensory signals to and from the cerebellum and cerebrum. 11. HippocampusThe hippocampus is part of the limbic system. It is do like a horseshoe and controls our navigation and our body orientation, our emotional responses and how we process new memories. It is also where our memories are stored. 12. AmygdalaThe Amygdala is a composed of nuclei and is turn up in the temporal lobe. The amygdala controls memory, arousal, emotional responses, hormonal secretions, and how our nervous system responds to fear . 13. Pituitary glandThe pituitary gland is divided into three sections a tail lobe, an intermediate lobe, and an anterior lobe. The pituitary gland produces growth hormones. It regulates endocrine function and hormone production and stores the hormones made by the hypothalamus. 14. HypothalamusThe hypothalamus is part of the limbic system. It controls our autonomic, endocrine and motor functions. It also controls homeostasis, regulates our intake of food and water and regulates our sleep-wake cycle.15. ThalamusThe thalamus is located underneath the cerebral cortex. The thalamus controlsour motor movements and our sleep and wake states. It also sends sensory signals to the cerebral cortex and receives all of the visual, somatosensory, and auditory sensory signals.

Sams Surprise Essay Example for Free

Sams Surprise EssayWeve do it shtabooed Janice, as she danced around the room. We can now do anything we want Her husband, Sam, just stared at her, half(prenominal) asleep on the sofa. He had been mound at the W lay downe Horse totally afternoon, watching the horseracing with his mates. He had come home a bit worse for wear and was now mentation his married woman of cardinal years had suddenly g unmatchable round the bend.It was nine oclock on a Saturday evening. Janice called her husband into the dining room for his dinner. Slowly, Sam got up and staggered in, to be met with the e verywherewhelming scent of burning candles and incense sticks all around the niggling room. It was a beautiful aroma but very sickening at the same time.On the bow was his favourite meal, medium rare steak and oven chips with lots of mushrooms and pepper sauce the smell wafted finished the air mix with the scent of the candles. In the halfway of the table was a very large bottle of champa gne. Only 2 place settings were on the table, with new champagne glasses. The way Sam was feeling, it was the last thing he wanted to drinkWhy had his wife g whiz to all this trouble? Had she a big win on the horses? Unlikely, she always said that only fools gamble on the horses, that it was a mugs game to throw away all that hard-earned money on a silly old nag.If Sam had asked his wife what she was up to, she would tease him all night trying to get him to guess what it was. He knew her in like manner well, and he was non in the clime for guessing tonight. His hangover was starting to set in. His tongue was feeling strange it was as if a hamster had left-hand(a) its fur on it Someone had got into his head and was thumping a drum, very badly. Sam decided to dramatic event along with her, after all shell tell him soon enough, because she could never keep a unavowed for long, it would be eating her up in no time at all.Then it suddenly hit him, the day, the time it could only be one thing Her only vice was the National Lottery if youre not in, you dont win was her motto. Maybe now it had paid off She did say We could do anything we want. That must be it each of a sudden, Sams hangover was cured, he decided he did feel like drinking some champagne and even the candles and incense sticks were not as nauseating as first suspected.Janice appeared at the doorway expression very sexy in a beautiful black negligee, her hair had been tied cover song, with only a few strands dangling around her face. She was wearing a lot of make-up. Janice never wore make-up, she said it made women sense of smell tarty and out for a good time She was always telling our two daughters, Kellie and Katie not to wear too much makeup when they were going out, as men would get the wrong impression. She had been quite a rigorous mother. No short skirts or low cut tops were allowed to be worn by her daughtersThe girls were 22 and twenty-four years of age now, living their own lives in the next town with their partners. Their son, Daniel, who was twenty, was the only one still living at home.It had been very quiet in the house all evening, no insolent music could be heard coming from Daniels room. Which was unusual. He loved his Eminem music to be played so loud that the whole street could enjoy it Thump, thump, thump, was all that could be heard when coming round the niche at the end of the street, however the neighbours very rarely complained about it. Maybe he had gone out for a change but he never went out, his girlfriend, Jayne, always came here. This was all very strange.Sams thoughts drifted back to his wife standing in the doorway. The last time he saw her looking like this was on their honeymoon. It brought back wonderful and distant memories of the Isle of Man, where they had spent two glorious weeks, hardly stepping outside their hotel roomJanice strolled over to her husband, cupped his face gently with her hands and kissed him lovingly on the lip s, and whispered, I love you. Sam was completely interpreted aback it was all so out of character for his wife to behave like this. Thoughts started running through his mind. Had she something to tell him? Was she having an affair? Poor Sam was totally bemused as to what was going on in his wifes head.Sam ignored all of these thoughts his wife would never have an affair. She took her wedding vows very seriously, every one of them He started thinking again of the most likely reason for her behaviour, the Lottery He started to eat his dinner, thinking of all the things they could do with the money a foreign holiday, new house, new car, the list was endless.He was acquire very excited, he was dreaming about lying on a yacht in the middle of the Mediterranean, drinking champagne, when suddenly Janice proposed a toast Heres to us being able to enjoy life and to do exactly as we please, when we please, now that Daniel has finally left homeSuddenly Sam felt very ill. Although the meal lo oked delicious, it didnt taste as nice as he first thought and he sure as shooting did not enjoy it as much as he thought he would, considering his dreams had come crashing down around him

Ways in which Arthur Miller creates tension in the first act Essay Example for Free

Ways in which Arthur Miller creates latent hostility in the first carry EssayIn this essay I am going to explore the ways in which the writer, Arthur Miller, creates tension in the first act of The Crucible. slightly of the techniques he uses, and I am going to analyse argon pace, fear of witchcraft, disagreements, and the relationships between the characters. The play includes moments in which the pace is slow, this provides a contrast to the moments of climax, when the pace quickens.As at that place is a change in pace which the readers and viewers cant expect, the tension increases. For example, the scene in which a psalm is gently sung when, suddenly, Betty starts screaming. The play begins steadily and calmly, no tension is thought to be created. The f number bedroom in the home of Reverend Samuel Parris is slowly described, it gives the impression of being a peaceful place. in that respect is a narrow window at the left. Through its leaded panes the morning sunlight streams.A examine still burns near the bed, which is at the right. Some characters introductions and speeches also make the action go slower. Some examples are the introduction of Reverend John Hale Mr Hale is nearing forty, a tight-skinned, eager-eyed intellectual. and the experienced, comforting speech of Rebecca entertain when Mr Putnam asks her to see if she can wake up his daughter I think shell wake in time. Pray calm yourselves.I have eleven children, and I am twenty-six times a grandma, and I have seen them all through their silly seasons ( ) These slow scenes give extra emphasis to the split in which the speed of the scene increases by the things that happen or people say. Any important exclaiming in any dialogue or threats to other characters can make the pace change in this way. Some examples are Abigail Williams threatens Mercy and Betty to be quiet about what really happened the night on the forest.

Role of Public Relations in the Re Establishment of Failing Barands Essay Example for Free

Role of humans transaction in the Re Establishment of Failing Barands Es translateThese regions afterwards set up their private stations pi nonpargonilered by the westside, at Ibadan, prior to independence. In 1960 and 1962 respectively, Enugu and Kaduna followed suit. And with the creation of to a greater extent regions by the Gen terml Yakubu Gowon (rtd) administration and creation of more(prenominal) states by twain Alhaji Shehu Shagari and Ibrahim Babangida regimes, more state establishment-owned television receiver and radio stations were established. Daily mea incontest commensurate, Express, Tribune, New Nigeria and Sketch were among the fore-runners in b atomic return 18-assedspaper publishing. few state governments in any case published 15 ewspapers that addressed their topical anaesthetic audience. Two major magazines- Drum and Spear from Daily Times still were to a fault at the time published. Between the early 1960s and 1970, in that respect was no striking overhaulment in the manufacturing. But the promulgation of Nigeria Enterprises as promotion Decree of 1972 popularly jazzn as Indigenization policy ushered in a b be-ass phase in the industry. The policy transformed key ranges in merged endowment medications to indigenes. Mr Silvester, Muoemeka was by the dictates of the policy to emerge the archetypal indigenous psyche administrator of Lintas.Lintas raise empowered more Nigerians to take up the byplay of cosmosizing some of whom had to leave broadcasting to embrace the modern thinking. By the later 1970s however, two ambitious agencies, Rosabel go toise and Insight Communication, sprang up. The coming of the two agencies which cashbox today are still doing rattling well, no doubt, was a watershed in the industry of earthize in Nigeria as the agencies brought new ideas into the industry while taking nonional thinking to a higher. Before the childs play of the decade, 23 agencies had been formed.Wi th the steady growth in the number of practitioners and agencies arose the need for associations to be formed to advance their common land interests and a regulatory body to that would regulate and standardize publicizing practice. A 16 sateing of the agencies held at E scarcee Metta, Lagos in 1971 was to metamorphose into joining of Advertising Practitioners of Nigeria (AAPN) with the objective of protecting practitioners against unfavour competent business. The association was later re ca-cad draw of Advertising Agencies of Nigeria.As the industry continued to grow in volume of business and complexity, more and more people were attracted to the industry. The need to establish an institution to regulate publicizing practice became apparent. This gave rise to the establishment of Advertising Parishioners Council of Nigeria (APCON) by Decree 55 of 1988, later renamed Act 55 of 1988 by the civilian administration on November 1989, the first meeting of the association held somewh ere in E exactlye-meta, Lagos fin wholly in all(prenominal)y culminated to the birth of APCON. APCON started operation in 1990 with the hold of the pioneer registrar in the mortal of Dr Charles Okigbo.The era of economic restructuring and liberalization opened up the Nigerian business to global economy. Foreign investments started flowing into the economy the expatriates who formerly left the shores of the land due to the indigenization policy gradually returned. And with them, the boom in economy. Aside, privatization of mass communication medium in the 1990s too witnessed the scenery up of private owned media houses which are platforms for advertisement placements. But in the 1990s the sector came alive. not only that alarming and ambitions agencies such as Prima Garnet, Sotu and Caesers sprang up, the sector began to 17 xpand beyond publicise as unspoilt services universe relation firms such as the Quadrant JSP and Quest were established. to a fault the era witnessed t he mad rush of foreign affiliations. While some agencies sought this affiliation to service of process boost their benevolent capital, some others just joined the bandwagon just to feel among. As the business expanded, related services providers joined the twoer to cash in on the boom. non pertinacious after they formed themselves into association to in any case further heir cause and protect their interest. Media Independent Practitioners Association of Nigeria (ADVAN), extinctdoor Advertising Association of Nigeria (OAAN) emerged.not broad the industry became an all corners affairs. Competition became very stiff and practitioners started adopting unwholesome means to belowcut one other. application debt became a major issue to the extent that it attracted the attention of past federal government who encouraged the practitioners to define a expressive style of resolving the perennial problem. Just as competition continued to run short stiff, agencies did not rest o n their oars as they embarked on training of their staff that will be able to meet the challenge of modern day advertising. As creativity took centre stage, the industry witnessed a lot of mutation and creative ideas.The foreigners who started coming back brought with them standard and professional which changed the advertising landscape. Restructuring, training and grass building and creativity dumbfound taken centre stage. 18 Today, Nigerian advertising industry is making efforts to ensure that they thrifty up to global industry practice. Affiliations besides avails them of technical know-how in the nations of creativity and training. From deploying foreign adverts, the industry has large(p) to shooting their adverts locally and injecting a lot of local content in their escapes. . 2 THEORETICAL deterrent exampleing This enquiry would atomicly consider three different theories that are relevant to the research topic. The theories are as follows Excellence system by J. E. Grunig DAGMAR theory by Mackay Lavidge Steiners Hierarchy-of-effects theory EXCELLENCE THEORY The Excellence supposition (J. E. Grunig et al. , 2002) was initially developed, and is continually being tested, in order to demonstrate what makes for public transaction practices that are both(prenominal) efficient and estimable for all parties involved. Public transaction, as defined by J.E, Grunig (1992), is the coifment of communication between the organization and the publics that it interacts with. Through the continued work of the Excellence Project, the Excellence Theory demonstrates how excellent public transaction is able to interact and 19 work with both internal and external publics, recognizing that publics are not exclusively passive audiences accepting messages in a hegemonic structure,1 but that from each(prenominal) one public that comes into contact with the message is viable and enfranchised with agency. The publics in public transaction exist within an d offside the organization.Each public, by means of and through the interaction with the public relations professional, allows for a variety of perspectives and insights toward a single goal or a gathering of goals. If these congregations are not allowed the choice to shake off their respective voices hear and recognized as active and important, decisions are do by the dominant coalition (L. A. Grunig et al. , 2002) without all of the mitigating factors and facts placed in front of them, issuinging in the once dominant organization losing economic, political, and neighborly capital within and among the publics performd.It is this critical perspective to public relations, respecting publics as ethical and moral beings, that L. A. Grunig et al. (2002) aligned with when they considered the nigh important question for ethical public relations How bath one balance the interests of society, of the public relations profession, and of the individual professional (p. 556). The E xcellence Theory, originally proposed in 1992 (J. E. Grunig et al. , 1992), was grounded upon an extensive literary works review and evaluation, examining theoretical positions from various academic discip gentle winds and ontologies, including commercializeing, psychology, communication, and feminist 20 tudies (J. E. Grunig, 1991). The projects purpose was to develop a new approach to public relations, detailing to public relations practitioners what organizations must have (both in expectations and characteristics) in order to be excellent and how to communicate those alike concepts. The resultant characteristics of excellent public relations programs wait on at all levels of organization program, departmental, organizational, and societal, a desire with the desired effects of excellent public relations practice.These characteristics not only present the Excellence Theory as a normative ideology, but also as an emancipatory system that strives for egalitarian opportunities for all publics. The characteristics and effects of excellent public relations, as presented by L. A. Grunig et al. (2002, p. 9), head an opportunity for the critical inquiry of the dominant coalition within each an antonymous public relations organization or an organization with a public relations component.This new possibility for the theory and its practical capabilities position the Excellence Theory as a critical paradigm applicable to the current calls for critical research within public relations. DAGMAR Russell Colley created DAGMAR when he prepared a cover up for the Association of National Advertisers. This report was entitled Defining Advertising Goals for Measured Advertising Results, shortened down to 21 DAGMAR, and thereof the name, ( flare Belch, 1995) and was later in 1969 published as a book with the same title (Mackay, 2005).DAGMAR was created to encourage measurable objectives for each stage of the communication (Smith Taylor, 2002) and does not deal purely wi th the message (Mackay 2005). DAGMAR focuses on the levels of understanding that a node must have for the musical arrangement and on how to measure the results of an advertising squeeze (Belch Belch, 1995). The main conclusions on the DAGMAR theory were expressed in the following quotation All commercial communication theory that weigh on the last objective of a sale must carry a prognosis through four levels of understanding. . The prospect must first be alive(predicate) of the existence of a filth or organisation 2. He must have a comprehension of what the overlap is and what it will do for him 3. 4. He must beat at a mental suspicion or assent to buy the carrefour Finally he must stir himself to action. (Mackay, 2005, p. 25-26) 22 The communication has to be specific and measurable, and is therefore base on a ranked model containing the four stages set out above in the quotation (Mackay, 2005).The DAGMAR approach has had a huge influence on the how to set objective s in the advertising planning process and many planners use this model as their base. However, just as the other approaches within advertising, DAGMAR has been met with critique. One of the major criticisms towards DAGMAR is on its cartel on the hierarchy-of-effects theory, just as with AIDA. Customers do not always pass through the stages in a linear way. Another criticism made towards the DAGMAR approach is that it focuses too much on strategies.Many creative people within advertising are looking for the great queer idea that can result in a successful compress and feels that the DAGMAR approach is too concerned with quantitative measurements on the campaign (Belch Belch, 1995). LAVIDGE STEINERS HIERARCHY-OF-EFFECTS MODEL This model was published during the same period as DAGMAR. The model was named the hierarchy-of-effects model which is the same name as some authors utilise on the foundation theory, and will therefore go under the name, Lavidge Steiners Hierarchy-of-effec ts model in this occupy. 23harmonize to this model nodes do not switch from being completely benumbed to become convinced to buy the ware in one flavour. Lavidge and Steiners hierarchy-of-effects model is created to show the process, or tinctures, that an advertizer assumes that customers pass through in the actual purchase process (Barry Howard, 1990). The model is based on septette locomote, which as with the other models must be completed in a linear way. The big remnant between this model and the others is not only the go, but also the view on how to pass them. Lavidge and Steiner (1961) create verbally that the steps have to be completed in a linear way, but . potential vendee sometimes whitethorn move up several steps simultaneously. (Lavidge Steiner, 1961, p. 60) which is supported by Munoz (2002) who writes that normally ultimate customers do not switch directly from being interested to become convinced buyers. Lavidge and Steiner identify the septenary steps in the following order 1. Close to purchasing, but still a long way from the cash register, are those who are merely aware of its existence. 2. 3. Up a step are prospects who know what the harvest-home has to offer. Still closer to purchasing are those who have favourable attitudes toward the product. 24 4.Those whose favourable attitudes have developed to the denominate of preference over all other possibilities are up still another step. 5. Even closer to purchasing are customers who couple preference with a desire to buy and the conviction that the purchase would be wise. 6. Finally, of course, is the step which translates this attitude into actual purchase. (Lavidge Steiner, 1961, p. 59) Lavidge and Steiner (1961) also wrote, in their article, that they are fully aware of the impulsive purchases that customers can make, but they mean that for higher economical goods these steps are essential for the adman to include.This model also has as a premise that advertising occurs ove r a period of time, and may not lead to immediate response and purchase. It is rather a series of effects that has to occur, with each step fulfilled on the way towards the next stage (Lavidge Steiner, 1961) Behind this model is according to Belch Belch (1998) the premises that advertising effects occur over time and advertising communication may not lead to immediate behavioural response or purchase, but rather, consumers must fulfil each step onwards (s)he can move to the next stage in the hierarchy. Belch and Belch 1998, p. 146). 25 As with the former models discussed, this model has also been criticised. The criticism on Lavidge Steiners model is very similar to the one made on DAGMAR and AIDA. There is still no evidence on the fact that awareness of a products leads to purchase, and the steps are still un exit. Criticism has also been made on each individual step in the model. Critics do not think that the model explains how the customers will go from one step to another an d to point out the steps without explaining them further is not knock againstn as enough.CRITICISM ON THE HIERARCHY OF EFFECTS THEORY. The models that are based on the hierarchy of effects theory (Mackay, 2005) can be very helpful but are not conclusive. There are several factors that these models do not take in consideration. 1. Not all buyers go through all stages, 2. The stages do not necessarily occur in hierarchical sequence, 3. Impulse purchases contract the process. (Smith Taylor, 2002, p. 97) The hierarchy models help the advertiser to identify the stages that buyers generally passes through, but cannot be apply as obvious guidelines (Smith Taylor, 2002). 26As seen earlier in this chapter the criticism on the models and theories are very similar. They have all been met with the criticism that customers do not always follow a straight line of steps when purchasing a product. Not all customers pass through all the steps before buying a product, some may stop at one stage, and some may go back several steps before later on going back for the product. 2. 3 causeS why PRODUCTS FAILS It would surprise one to hear that, a staggering 70-80% of all new products in the retail commercialiseplace industry lead (www. allbusiness. com). In Great Britain, the rate may be as high as 90% (www. rchives. tcm. ie/irishexaminer). Of every 3,000 raw ideas for new products, only one makes it to the grocery store placeplace (www. faculty. msb. edu). And a wallop 46% of all resources allocated to new product victimization process in the U. S. are spent on products that fail (www. faculty. msb. edu). Marketing Wise Group in Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX is of the opinion that no familiarity can do without introducing new products or extending their give away line if they want to sojourn afloat in a agonistic trade or if they do not want their products and disfigurement image to go stale.It is the opinion of this group that Quisp Cereal, Ipana Toothpaste or C ommodore Com commiters failed because they failed to implement a new product development process to keep their 27 stable of disfigurements vital or had a flawed new product development process to begin with. harmonise to Gwinavere Johnston founder and CEO of Johnston Wells Public Relations, if your answer to one or more of the following questions is yes, and so chances are that is the reason your product failed. 1. Did you do the right amount and kind of marketing research in the initial stages of your new product development process? . If you conducted research, did you follow the results or ignore them? 3. Was your product gear uped out front of its time? 4. Was your product launched on the downward side of a waning fad or write out? 5. Did your product take on a life of its own and you got to a point your new product development process couldnt turn back? 6. Were you as a partnership able to fly the coop the product to the consumers desires? 7. Did your new product develo pment process create a me-too product? uphold in the marketplace is a grim position to be. How many flavoured waters does the world need? 8.Was your phoner too financially conservative and too aggressive in its expectations for a quick ROI? 9. Is your new product development process as streamlined as it should be? 28 10. Is your product hitting a little before or on top of a trend, or is it a fad? accord to Gwinavere Johnston when such a problem arises what is oftentimes needed is an overhaul in your new product development process, which is difficult to see from inside the organization. One may need a circumscribedist in the new/returning product development process, someone who has been in the trenches and has had a fare share of successes and failures.That person has the unique ability to observe your new product development process and, from their twelvemonths of observing other organizations, is able to pinpoint where in your new product development process modifications ne ed to be made. According to Glenn Moray, companies that fail or that are at the verge of collapsing, at one point in time all made the same mistake that brought about(predicate) their waterloo failing to focus on the concerns of their publics. If publics are the groups a union relies on for success, it is dangerous to neglect them by ? ? ? ? Focusing on share price to the detriment of choice and integrity, Forming boards that are not designed for strong incorporated governance, Misleading shareholders, employees and others by not sharing the full story, Emphasizing what is legal, rather than what is ethical, and/or Jeopardizing employee occupations and savings through business misconduct. 29 From the above statement by Glenn Moray, it can be deduced that customer awareness and understanding is paramount to the success of any company or product.When a company is in distress, tell shareholders and indeed all stakeholders that full extent of the damage and what are in place to cur b the problem or mitigate the effect of the problem/distress. 2. 4 THE intent OF PUBLIC RELATIONS IN MARKETING A CONSUMER B R A N D . According to Glenn Moray of the Moray Evans Advertising, The strategic situation of PR for consumer brands is critical to extending the impact and credibility of advertising. The questions we so often ask from a PR effort are (1) what are you trying to achieve with your PR over the long run, and (2) how does it integrate with your marketing and communications plan?The close obvious strategic utilisation for PR-a federal agency that meets a communications objective that is difficult for conventional advertising to address-is to create community semblance while at the same time complementing consumer affinity for the brand. PR is uniquely capable of building familys with communities (geographic, demographic, friendly, political, special interest, etc. ) through events, sampling, causes, in-kind support, and sponsorships, to name a f e 30 w . PR delivers messages not normally addressed in conventional advertising.For example, good news about the clients business, new services or new level of lading to service, how well the client is measuring up within its competitive set, the clients business heritage, or the clients involvement in the community. These types of messages are critical to creating a positive selling environment for our advertising. evenly important, it creates buzz for our client as a company. According to Leana Clark (2002), PR builds momentum into the launch of a new ad campaign. This provides exposure between media flights and increases frequency of brand exposures during the duration of the advertising period.In the fight for brand awareness and top-of- promontory consideration, there are few substitutes for pure frequency. And last, but certainly not least, we similar to see PR reinforce, in the consumers mind, those moments when a company chooses to put a stake in the ground The launch of a new mark et, acquisition of another company, a new partnership, a product release, relevant differentiation, or new leadership with a new vision. All of which provide foster to the consumer. 2. 5 ROLES OF THE PR practician IN AN ORGANISATION 31According to Gwinavere Johnston, there are four principal roles for a friendships heading public relations incumbent. The first is to serve the sens as a detector of social change. He/she perceives those societal rumblings that auger good or ill for the organization. In a way, he/she is ilk the radar chief who gives the early warning. And after pondering the y payment and stirrings, he/she interprets the signals for the management team. Part of the job as corporate sensor is to keep management foc utilize on those external problems not usually considered part of managing a large business.He/she is the one who says you dont care for the likes of a Ralph Nader or a Jesse Jackson, but you should never underestimate the power they wield over people and problems that can damage our business. The second role is that of corporate conscience. I assert you and your colleagues in management will not infer that only public relations executives have a conscience or that public relations people are either more ethical or more moral or have a greater consignment to serving the public interest than executives with other titles.In fact, there may be others with more of these qualities than the person with the public relations/ communications title. But the fact is that being the corporate conscience is not in the job description of other 32 executives. It is or should be in the job description of the chief public relations officer. The third role of the chief public relations/communications officer is that of communicator. The trend especially in recent times, as I referred to earlier is to think that communications, mainly working with the media, print, electronic and digital is his/her only role.Though communications is an important part of the job that is exactly the case. The global can has two distinct audiences one external, the other internal. Communications with both audiences move in two directions what the corporation says to its external stakeholders and what it says to its employees, distribution and supply chains, and shareowners. Listening is as important a part of the job as speaking and the chief public relations officer should be equally adept at both. For both audiences, the why and how of an action or policy is invariably as important, if not more so, than the what and the when. The goal of communications is more than to tell or inform its primary purpose is to bring about understanding. No emergence how effective the dissemination of tuition about a corporation, it will not succeed unless it truthfully reflects the corporations behaviour. preceding(prenominal) all, the corporation must always deliver on its promises, whether guaranteeing the reliability of a product or achievin g earnings goals. In the words of the rapper, if youre gonna talk the talk, you gotta walk the walk. 33 The fourth role is to serve as corporate monitor.Since the public relations/ communications department is the companys voice and also has so major a role dealing with and commenting on public issues, there is a need for incessant monitoring of policies and programs to make sure they accord with both the companys commitment and with public expectations. If they fall short, its the job of the chief public relations officer to agitate for new programs and policies. Failing to do so means, simply, that he/she is not living up to the requirements of the job.To summarize, the chief public relations officer has four roles corporate sensor, corporate conscience, corporate communicator and corporate monitor. As corporate sensor and corporate conscience, he/she contributes to and participates in the decision making process. It is his/her job to anticipate changes in the social environment and make sure the corporations response is in the public interest and accords with public expectations. In the roles as corporate communicator and corporate monitor, he/she speaks for the corporation both truthfully and timely and makes certain the corporation is delivering on its promises. . 6 BRANDING A very famous proverb goes What is in a name? A rose will still smell the same, even if it is called by another name 34 However, with the coming of latest technology and changing trends, the time has come when we need to do some rethinking. Today, everything is online and practical(prenominal) virtual money, online business and so name or rather branding is the most important confrontt for anything. Not just any business, but for any particular entity, branding is the key word. A brand is the individuation of an entity.Just think of Marilyn Monroe and the first thing that comes in your mind is flying skirt. When we talk about online business, the brand identity is the foundation for building a relationship with your customer beyond product, distribution, pricing, or location of your business. It plays an built-in part behind the success of any product. Brand is the relationship that secures future earnings by securing customer loyalty. Leana Clark (2002), states that, Usually consumers have lot of choice of products in the same market segment so brand loyalty plays a very important role for your business growth.A company with high credibility and brand loyalty succeeds in keeping consumers re-buying their product rather than going to a competitor. Statistics tell that it takes five-spot times as much money to gain a customer as it does to retain one. just a satisfied customer also helps in generating word of mouth publicity which increases your potential c u s t o m e r s . Branding goes beyond marketing. All aspects of your business should reflect 35 and support your intended brand to create a long term and fruitful relationship with your customers.Ac cording to Helen Katz in her book Advertising Principles, A lot of effort goes in developing a brand. It involves more than just picking a catchy name. The following steps may be followed to create a brand * Define your brand * Determine the objective of your brand * Identify your target audience * Identify the barriers and crush them * Package your brand then sell and market your brand 2. 7 REPUTATION AND WHY IT MATTERS The theme of a company or product is what determines how a strong a product is in the long run and how their customers perceive such a product.It would be remembered that in 1986, Coca-Cola made a blunder by trying to change the flavour of coke which trim their gross revenue drastically. This reduction in gross revenue was largely due to the perception customers have about coke. The tasting of a product ultimately defines the brand and is also part of what customers perceive when they see the product. So when the peck changes, then of course perception changes. Customers want to see their brands as reliable and constant, and for a company to defend its reputation, such a company must 36 ensure that it gives it customers what they want. This statement was upported by Gwinavere Johnston (2002), when he said, composition can flier for a large portion of a companys market capitalization, and can be its most important long-term asset. It impacts an organization in a myriad of ways, including stock price, and the ability to attract and retain customers and employees. Corporate reputation is based on factors such as ? ? ? ? ? ? Quality of products or services, Earnings and business performance, Stability and fairness as an employer, Level of integrity in business practices, Degree of honesty and openness, and familiarity in local communities.Today, with distrust of the corporate world at an all-time high, corporate credibility is an over-riding factor. Whether they like it or not, companies today are at the mercy of public constituencies. Th at means there is growing realization of the need to foster a good reputation by developing positive relationships with various publics. 2. 8 HOW COMPANIES CAN RESTORE TRUST If business is to regain the trust it has lost due to questionable ethics and other business practices, it must provide public relations with a seat at the executive 37 evel management table rather than just relying on public relations when a crisis a r i s e s . Consumer confidence is at its lowest point, as prove by ongoing studies in 2002, by Schenkeins research partner Roper ASW. Corporate wrongdoing, stock market plunges, and layoffs were cited as reasons for the erosion in corporate trust. Americans put the find fault squarely on the shoulders of CEOs, Nigerians also put the blame on those in power and CEOs of large organisation and financial organisations such as banks, insurance companies, investment firms and the likes, who according to Roper, wont be let ff the hook easily. Consumers view CEOs as the bad guys, and blame their greed for the ensuing crises that have elicited their anger. Clearly, we live in an environment where every company is under the microscope and negative business stories appear every day on the front page of our newspapers. According to Jerry Donovan, rather literally, public relations is managing relations with various publics, a role that grows in importance as reputation becomes ever more critical to business success. Companies can regenerate trust in a number of ways, many involving traditional PR strategies, such as ? ? ?Using integrity and fairness as criteria for all business decisions Maintaining an emphasis on prize of products or services Openly sharing truthful study with all publics 38 ? ? ? Actively seeking input from publics and being responsive to concerns Renewing a commitment to local communities and Creating forums to encourage dialogue with constituencies. The bottom line is that companies must make it a priority to value the need s of all publics, and to forge good relationships with them. The cornerstone of a good relationship is trust, and trust is based on open and honest communication.Effective public relations tell a companys story in a way that is accurate, honest, and easy to understand, helping to establish a reputation for credibility. A good relationship also requires a willingness to listen, and true public relations is a two-way process. PR professionals recognize that to manage relationships, they must understand and respect public concerns and viewpoints. They must also go a step further, to serve as the publics advocate within an o r g a n i z a t i o n . In effect, corporate public relations professionals a great deal play the role of an outsider.By questioning decisions and their impact on customers, the community, employees, and others, public relation professionals bring the public perspective to an organization, fostering its ability to be responsive to public concerns. 39 CHAPTER THREE 3. 0 research METHODOLOGY According to Jacobsen (2002 pg 34) there are two ways to conduct scientific research, one is the soft approach the other is the quantitative approach. The qualitative approach is more take over for research that aims to get a deeper knowledge about a certain subject, i. e. explorative.An explorative research method aims to investigate a small number of units since it is used to explore nuanced data (Jacobsen 2002 pg 38). Researchers using a qualitative approach are more into finding how people experience their lives and their goal is rather to come to an understanding rather than to reach a static analysis (Bell, 1999). A quantitative approach on the other hand is more appropriate when the research is a broad spectrum of units since it is a theory testing research method. A research like this has a goal of getting broader knowledge about a certain subject (Jacobsen, 2002 pg 29).A police detective using this approach collects data and then tries to anal yse the relation between the different 40 productions. The tec measures and uses scientific techniques that can give quantifiable and possible general conclusions. Since Advertising and public relations is all about emotions and catching peoples interest. Quantitative research used alone could lead to improper conclusions because it could give the tec difficulties when trying to understand attitudes and perceptions among the interviewees.But when used alongside the qualitative approach, it gives the researcher a broader perspective about the subject area. The researcher shall therefore make use of the survey method and the in-depth interviews (which is a combination of the qualitative and the quantitative research methods). 3. 1 DATA COLLECTION METHOD CRITICAL abridgment OF SOURCES Critical analysis of sources is according to (Bell, 1999 pg 80) divided into two examinations Internal and external examination.The external examination is used to investigate how genuine and correct th e source is whereas the internal examination is the one usually used when analyze smaller projects. Internal examinations looks more into which type or source it is, under which circumstances it devolved and if it has changed lately etcetera. 41 The researcher for the purpose of this research would use in-depth interviews and also the questionnaires/ survey method. The in-depth interview would be directed towards owners of the shops and also the account officer in charge of the Vita form bubbles campaign in oblige Communications.These interviews were conducted to get first hand information on why Vita spark almost went out of the market and what the company did to get back in business focusing on advertising and public relations. The questionnaire, would be used to gather the opinions of customers and potential customers of Vita foam products 3. 2 CHOICE OF STUDY OBJECT The selection of Vitafoam PLC as the case study has been based on the fact that they had experienced drop in gross sales, which fits the definition of a failing brand by the researcher and as risen today to become one of the market leaders in their product category. A bar chart on the sales of Vita foam product since 2004-2008 by PeaceWaterCoopers family for Vita foam Nigeria Plc) 42 The reason for using Mushin, Ikeja and Agege local government areas as my sample population is because there is a high density of mattress sellers in these areas. Another reason is that these areas are easily accessible. Choice of interviewing officials of Tie Communications Ltd is based on the fact that they were creditworthy for the rebranding campaign of Vitafoam in 2005/2006 that eventually brought them to their present position in the market. . 3 CHOICE OF ORGANISATION The organisation (VITAFOAM) selected for this study was used because the researcher aims to explore the roles advertising and public relations play in re-establishing a failing product into the market. The case study was elect based on th e fact that it is today one of the leading mattress brands in Nigeria and had in 2005 experienced a rapid shine in sales of their products. How they overcame this period and what they did to achieve their present position in the market is what piqued my interest in them.Below are bar charts showing the dividend and earnings of Vitafaom Nig. Plc form the grade 2004 to the year 2008. 43 FIG 1 DIVIDEND VS EARNINGS PER SHARE FOR VITAFOAM (extracted from the 2008 annual report compiled by PeaceWaterCoopers House) FIG 2 PROFIT AFTER TAX VS SHAREHOLDERS FUNDS 44 (extracted from the 2008 annual report compiled by PeaceWaterCoopers House) FIG 3 PROFIT AFTER TAX VS DIVIDENDS 45 (extracted from the 2008 annual report compiled by PeaceWaterCoopers House) 3. 4CHOICE OF CUSTOMERS/retail OUTLETS In the selection of customers to be interviewed for this study, the researcher has been looking for persons that have been exposed to advertising from the chosen organisation and that have bought their p roducts at least once, but not 46 necessarily the product that have been promoted in the chosen advertising campaign. The researcher shall interview ten (ten customers) in three different retail outlets from each of these local government areas namely Ikeja, Mushin and Agege local government areas.Making it a total of 90 (ninety) customers to be interviewed. The customers shall be selected randomly. alike the researcher shall also be interviewing 5 shop owners from each of these local government areas, making it a total of 15 shop owners that would be interviewed. Also the account officer in charge of the advert campaign of Vitafoam shall be interviewed. 3. 5 PROCESSING OF THE RESULTS In the work of analysing the findings found during the interviews the researcher has chosen to record the interviews to make it easier to go back and go through them again later on.The interviews have also been written down to paper from the recordings to make it easier for the researcher to go throug h them and compare them to points in the literature. By doing it this way it is easier for the researcher to go back without missing out on something. 47 3. 6 search oral sexS 1. What caused the decrease in sales of Vita foam products? 2. How did public relations and advertising help restore Vita foam into the market? 3. How do we identify a failing product? 4. What strategies do public relations experts employ in re-establishing Vita foam in the market? 5.What advertising strategies were employed in re-establishing Vita foam in the market? 48 CHAPTER FOUR DATA PROCESSING, PRESENTATION AND abridgment 4. 0 INTRODUCTION In this chapter the information gained in the interviews with the account officer that handled the adverts for Vita foam in 2005/2006, shop owners around the speculated local government areas in Lagos, and customers of Vita foam products will be presented. The information will be presented by first retelling the information gained in the interview with the interview ee from TIE COMMUNICATIONS, and then shop owners around Lagos.Also information gotten from the questionnaires distributed among customers of polymer products generally would be presented in this chapter. 4. 1 DATA PRESENTATION SHOP OWNERS From the interviews conducted by the researcher on shop owners in Ikeja, Mushin and Agege local government areas, it was found out that, Vita foam Nigeria has been a very popular brand since the 1990s. They all concur that around 2004, sales for the product had remarkably rock-bottom and by 2005, Vita foam product was hardly in demand. 49The interviewees said the reason for this decrease in sales can be attributed to the fact that other brands where springing up and where willing to sell the same or almost the same quality of products for a lesser price. They gave examples of this price differences that might have caused this reductions in sales one of which is the queen size mattress (ordinary) was selling for long dozen gibibyte Naira in 2005 and Mouka foam was selling the same type of mattress with the same quality for eleven thousand five hundred naira.The interviewees speculated that even the less popular brands like Vono foam, Sarafoam etc where producing good quality mattresses for a lessen price. The interviewees said that Vitafoams greatest rival in the polymer market was Mouka foam and Sarafoam, because these brands were not as expensive, accessible and also of good quality. It is the opinion of the interviewees that the adverts Vita foam did though were not so popular they left an mental cipher in the mind of anyone that was exposed to the advert.They are of the opinion that the rigorous Vita foam campaign carried out from year 2005 though to 2006, helped boost the sales of the product and helped re-establish their relevance in the market place. 50 ACCOUNT incumbent FROM TIE COMMUNICATIONS. The interviewee asserted that the company was in charge of the Vita foam account in the year 2005/2006 and were respo nsible for the PR and Advert campaign carried out by Vita foam in the same year. The interviewee said that the company was approached by the client (Vitafaom) to help organise and advert and PR campaign to help boost sales and popularity level of the brand.The interviewee went on to say that the client was troubled about the constant decrease in sales of its product. The interviewee said that the first thing they did when they got the account was to carry out a research to find out why Vita foam is facing the problems there are facing, also to get a clear picture as to how Vitafaom is faring in the consumer market and to test the popularity of the brand. After which they came back to brainstorm on the strategies to use to play the problems discovered in the cause of the research.It was discovered that the major cause of the problem was the fact that the competition was giving the same quality for a reduced price and Vitafaom was also losing its name as people hardly knew their name anymore as products like Mouka foam was quickly taking over the market. 51 So they (TIE COMMUNICATIONS) advised Vita foam to carry out a line extension program to develop a product under Vita foam that would be the same quality with Mouka foam but that would be cheaper than Mouka foam. This brought about Rainbow foam which is a brand of Vitafaom and is relatively cheaper than most of the other quality brands in the Nigerian market.The company also proposed a 9 month advert and PR campaign for Vitafaom products which would promote all the products Vitafaom is producing including Rainbow foam. Also they made their presence felt in the Nigerian market by organising scholarship and other social responsible programs in the society. He asserted that in the world of advertising and Public relations it is believed that out of sight is out of mind, so it is important that a product is never out of sight for the consumers. According to the interviewee, an evaluation was conducted at the end of the campaign and it was the general c consensus then that the campaign was successful.The interviewee went on to say that the evaluation was based on the following criteria 1. After campaign sales volume vis-a-vis sales volume before the campaign. 2. Popularity of the brand. 3. Current market share of Vita foam products. 52 According to the interviewee, a product can fail when it stops satisfying a need, when a competing brand is producing the same quality for lesser prices, when a product is not readily available in the market, when adequate advertisements and Public relations campaign and activities are not carried out, amongst others.The interviewee explained that, though times were hard for Vita foam during the period under review, what made them remain relevant simply was the fact that they kept producing quality products, but ensured that they improve the Public Relations and advertising activities. They started giving out scholarships, giving Vitafoam products to orphanage s, also sponsorship of events and programmes were carried out to ensure that the brands image is secure in the minds of the consumers/publics.Some of these events includes, donations to professional bodies like ICAN, donations to clubs and associations like Business Club, National Union of Chemical, Footwear Rubber, Leather and Non Metallic, Standards Organisation of Nigeria, national road safety Corps, donations to schools such as Jextoban Secondary school, Ketu, Lagos, end of the year children party sponsored and also arrange by the company, sales promotion, price slash etc. The interviewee went on to explain that media relations is an essential mechanism when trying to win back the loyalty and trust of your consumers.He explained 53 that Vitafoam organised series of ease tour for both media houses and also the regulatory agencies such as Standard Organisation of Nigeria and Manufacturer Association of Nigeria, Polymer Institute of Nigeria, Chemical and Non-Metallic Products E mployees Federation and National Union of Chemical, Footwear Rubber, Leather and Non Metallic so as to get endorsements and approval for the products and also for the media to promote them in a positive light. QUESTIONNAIRRE TO CUSTOMERS Ninety questionnaires were distributed and ninety were returned. base on the data collected through the questionnaires, the following is the outcome of the research. shelve 1 AGE OF RESPONDENTS changeable 18-20 21-30 31-40 41-50 51-60 60 and above Total No. respondents 5 27 29 16 9 4 90 Of Percentage 5. 6 30 32. 2 18 10 4. 5 one hundred card 2 AWARENESS ABOUT VITAFAOM 54 multivariate I AM AWARE I AM zero(prenominal) AWARE intact NO. OF REPONDENTS 79 11 90 PERCENTAGE % 87. 8 12. 2 100 TABLE 3 USAGE OF VITAFOAM PRODUCTS VARIABLE YES NO TOTAL NO. OF REPONDENTS 48 42 90 PERCENTAGE % 53. 3 46. 7 100 TABLE 4 WHEN DID YOU contract USING VITAFOAM?VARIABLE MORE THAN 20 long time AGO LESS THAN TEN YEARS LESS THAN 5 YEARS DO NOT USE IT TOTAL NO. OF RE PONDENTS 5 23 20 42 90 PERCENTAGE % 5. 6 25. 5 22. 2 46. 7 100 TABLE 5 DID YOU constantly celebrate A PERIOD WHEN IT SEEMED OTHER BRANDS WERE TAKING OVER THE MARKET VARIABLE YES NO TOTAL NO. OF REPONDENTS 65 25 90 PERCENTAGE % 72. 2 27. 8 100 TABLE 6 REASON VITAFOAM LOST MARKET SHARE VARIABLE NO. OF REPONDENTS PERCENTAGE % Reduction in quality of the 5 7. 7 product 25 38. 4 55 High price of the product Better quality by competition Better price by the competition Lack of availability of the product TOTAL 23 5 65 10. 8 35. 4 7. 7 100 TABLE 7 WHAT GAVE YOU THE fancy THAT VITA FOAM MIGHT NOT BE FARING WELL VARIABLE NO. OF REPONDENTS PERCENTAGE % When it was no daylong available for sale When I stopped seeing or listening their adverts When other brands of mattresses became very bombastic When friends and colleagues advised me to buy other products TOTAL 0 45 25 20 90 0 50 27. 8 22. 2 100 TABLE 8 IN YOUR OPINION DO YOU commend VITAFOAM HAS MADE A coming back INTO THE MARKET VARI ABLE YES NO TOTAL NO. OF REPONDENTS 70 20 90 PERCENTAGE % 77. 8 22. 2 100TABLE 9 WHAT MADE VITAFOAMS COMEBACK POSSIBLE VARIABLE Vigorous advert and PR campaign Reduction in price increment in quality 56 NO. OF RESPONDENTS 50 7 3 PERCENTAGE % 55. 6 7. 8 3. 3 Creating another competing brand to 20 tackle the competition 10 Friends and colleagues attesting to the 90 quality of Vita foam and the good price TOTAL 22. 2 11. 1 100 TABLE 10 HAVE YOU EVER SEEN OR HEARD ANY VITAFOAM ADVERT ON ANY LOCAL MEDIUM VARIABLE YES NO TOTAL NO. OF REPONDENTS 80 10 90 PERCENTAGE % 88. 9 11. 1 100 TABLE 11 VITAFOAM ADVERT RATINGS VARIABLE VERY GOOD GOOD FAIR piteous VERY POOR TOTAL NO.OF REPONDENTS 50 20 5 5 0 80 PERCENTAGE % 62. 5 25 6. 25 6. 25 0 100 TABLE 12 WHAT INFORMED YOUR DECISION TO START USING VITAFOAM VARIABLE The new packaging The adverts on TV and radio Recommendations from friends Attractive price sales promo Innovative additions to the product TOTAL 57 NO. OF REPONDENTS PERCENTAGE % 2 4 0 20 10 10 8 90 2. 2 44. 4 22. 2 11. 1 11. 1 8. 9 100 TABLE 13 MOST EFFECTIVE VITAFOAM ADVERT VARIABLE The radio advert The TV advert The Billboard adverts Print adverts Road shows TOTAL NO. REPONDENTS 10 15 25 40 0 90 OF PERCENTAGE % 11. 1 16. 7 27. 8 44. 4 0 100 4. 2ANALYSIS OF PRESENTED DATA Based on the data gotten from the interviews conducted and questionnaires distributed, the researcher shall now attempt to answer the research questions this research aimed to answer. interrogation QUESTION 1 What caused the decrease in sales of Vita foam products? From the interviews conducted with the shop owners and the account officer in charge of the Vita foam account in year 2005/2006, it is clear that the main reasons for the drop in sales of Vita foam products are stiff competition from Mouka foam, who was producing a similar product with almost the same quality, but was selling at a lower price.Another reason for the decrease in sales of Vita foam products was drop of advertisement and Public Relations 58 activities on the part of the Vita foam Nig. Ltd this reduced their popularity in the market place. From the responses gotten from the questionnaires distributed to the customers in different retail outlet around Agege, Mushin and Ikeja local government it is clear that price of the product played a major role in diminishing the sales of the Vita foam products. 38. 4% of the 90 respondents said that the high price of Vita foam products caused the decrease, while 35. % of the same respondents said that disclose prices offered by competition might be the cause, 5% said Vita foam products were not readily available, 7% said die quality offered by competitors might be a cause for the reduction in sales of Vita foam products. Form the above it is clear that the major reason for the decrease in sales of Vita foam products can be attributed to high price and lack of advertisement and Public Relations activities RESEARCH QUESTION 2 How did public relations and adv ertising help restore Vita foam into the market?From the interviews conducted with the account officer in charge of the Vita foam account in the year 2005/2006, it is clear that Public Relations and advertisement played a major role in restoring Vita foam into the market. The 59 interviewee pointed out that, through Public relations activities such as giving scholarships, giving free Vita foam products to orphanages etc, the company was able to register in the mind of the consumers as a socially conscious organisation which helped in promoting their image.Also the advert campaign proposed and executed by Tie Communications helped re-establish the Vita foam presence in the polymer industry and also in the long run helped boost the sales of the product. All of which helped restore Vitafaom back into the market place. Data gotten from the questionnaires distributes also asserts that advertising and Public relations activities played a major role in restoring Vita foam into the market p lace. 55. 6% of the 90 respondents said that vigorous adverts and PR campaign made the recurrence for Vita foam possible. While 44. % of the respondents also claim that the adverts they saw informed their decision to buy Vita foam products. RESEARCH QUESTION 3 How do we identify a failing product? Based on the questionnaires distributed and interviews conducted. A product can be said to be failing if there is a sudden and constant decrease in sales. Also about 50% of the 90 respondents that got the questionnaires said that they knew Vitafoam was failing when they stopped hearing or seeing their adverts, 27. 8% of the respondents said that they noticed when other brands became very 60 prominent, while 22. % of the respondent said they noticed when friends and colleagues advised them to buy other products. From the above statistics, a product can be said to be failing, if they is a constant reduction in sales of the product, when adverts are suddenly not heard or seen any more, when other brands become more popular, when friends discourage you to buy the product. RESEARCH QUESTION 4 What strategies do public relations experts employ in re-establishing Vita foam in the market? From the interviews conducted, it can be said that Public Relations played a major role in re-establishing a failing products.The interviewee said that scholarships and Cooperate Social Responsibility were carried out to ensure that the brand name Vitafoam is registered in the minds of the consumers, also sponsorship of important programmes and events were carried out to boost the popularity of the brand. Media relations were also used, series of facility tour for both media houses and also the regulatory agencies such as SON and MAN were organised. RESEARCH QUESTION 5 What advertising strategies were employed in re-establishing Vita foam in the market? 61 From the research, the advertising strategy used to re-establish Vitafoam ack into the market was to create a nine month advert campaig n that would run through 2005 and parts of 2006 on radio, television and print media. 55. 6% of the respondents that filled the questionnaires distributed agree that the Vigorous advert campaign embarked on by Vitafoam made it possible for vitafoam to come back into the market, also 44. 4% of the 90 respondents said that the print adverts were most effective in making them buy Vitafoam products. 27. 8% of the respondents said that the billboards advert were most effective in making them buy Vitafoam products, while 16. % said it was television and 11. 1% said it was the radio adverts that got them to buy the product. The strategies used were billboard adverts, radio, TV and print adverts that ran over a period of nine months. 62 CHAPTER FIVE SUMMARY, finis AND RECOMMENDATION 5. 0 INTRODUCTION In this chapter, the major findings of this study will be discussed and summarized, recommendations will also be given. 5. 1 SUMMARY In this study, it was observed that public relations and ad vertising played a very crucial role in re-establishing Vitafoam into the market after the company experienced an alarming decrease in sales.It was also found out in the cause of the research that through Public relations activities such as giving scholarships, giving free Vita foam products to orphanages etc, the company was able to register in the mind of the consumers as a socially conscious organisation. This 63 helped in promoting their image. Also the advert campaign embarked on by the company helped re-establish the Vita foam presence in the polymer industry and also in the long run helped boost the sales of the product. All of which helped restore Vitafaom back into the market place.It was found out in the cause of the research that a failing product can be identified when ? The product is no longer available in the market ? When other brands become more prominent ? When the product no longer satisfy a need ? When there is a sudden and constant decrease in sales. ? When frie nds and colleagues discourage you to buy the product. It was discovered that stiff competition from rival products, high price of Vitafaom products, lack of advertisements and Public Relations activities were the major factors that caused the failure if Vitafoam as a brand in 2005/2006.It was also discovered that through Public Relations and advertisement, Vitafoam Nig. Ltd was able to re-establish dominance in the polymer industry. 64 5. 2 CONCLUSION This study has shown that advertising and public relations play a major role in re-establishing and also maintain a product in the market. The study has shown that high prices of products, availability of the product, lack of PR, advert and other promotional practise might lead to a product failing. The major findings of this study are summarized below ?Price, availability of the Vitafoam products, lack of adverts and public relations, and competition, caused the failure of the Vitafoam brand in the market place. ? Advertising and pub lic relations helped restore consumer trust and helped restore Vitafoam back into the market. ? A product can be said to be failing if there is a sudden and constant decrease in sales, when adverts are suddenly not seen or heard anymore by the consumers, when friends and colleagues advised them to buy other products. 5. 3 SUGGESTION FOR FURTHER RESEARCH payable to the time limit and the level of this study the outcome has been limited.For future research within this area it could be interesting to investigate this in a deeper study. The use of various products can give a better perception on the 65 roles Public Relations and advertising plays in re-establishing a failing product into the market. Also a study can be carried out to find out how advertising and public relations if not done properly could lead to a products extinction. This study could help advert and PR practitioners understand the value of advertising and public relations and know the dangers they stand to face if th ey are not done properly. 5. 04RECOMMENDATIONS Looking at the outcome of this study, it is suggested that organisations in the Polymer industry should not look down on adverts and public relations as they can make the difference between a successful company and a failing company. Organisations should ensure that their products and services are constantly in the mind of the consumers because they are the most important factor in the growth of the company. 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