American poets Essay

Argued to be the â€Å"greatest of all American poets† (Gale 71), Walt Whitman is regarded by both local and foreign critics as one of the most influential literary minds in the history of the United States. His poem â€Å"O Captain My Captain† which he revised thrice in his lifetime (Gale 72) was one of the most published works during his time. The poem was written shortly after the end of the American civil war which was won by President Abraham Lincoln against the secessionists known as the Confederate States of America. However, President Lincoln was assassinated shortly after the victory. Whitman wrote the poem as a tribute to the late president who he revered as the man responsible for keeping America together through the troubled times of civil war. Lines 1-8 The poem’s first lines introduce the controlling metaphors that build up the rest of the selection. The first line introduces the metaphor of the â€Å"Captain† which is actually Whitman’s representation of Abraham Lincoln and the second line introduces the â€Å"ship† which is the metaphor for the United States of America. The â€Å"fearful trip† is the metaphor that Whitman used for the American Civil War. Both lines express the end of a struggle (the Civil War), with the second line describing the victory as hard won by saying that the ship â€Å"weathered every rack†(Whitman). The second and third lines indicate joy and relief, with people â€Å"exulting’ as the ship finally docks. This line is followed by sudden surprise. Whitman makes use of the repetition of the word â€Å"heart! † to denote that something shocking had happened. What happened is elaborated upon by the succeeding three lines at varying degrees of disclosure. The sixth line is subtle, only hinting some act of violence with the â€Å"bleeding drops of red†(Whitman) that denote the drawing of blood. The seventh line gives a victim for the violent act described in the sixth by mentioning that the Captain had fallen on the floor and it is only on the eight line that the captain’s death is confirmed. Lines 9-16 The 9th and 10th lines both express Whitman’s lamentation at the irony of his â€Å"Captain† dying just after they had achieved victory. In desperation, he asks the impossible of the dead â€Å"Captain† such as to â€Å"Rise up! † or â€Å"hear the bells. † and entices the corpse with the prospect of fanfare. This continues through the 11th and 12th lines where Whitman blends both the public’s celebration of Abraham Lincoln’s military victory and their lamentation for his assassination, with â€Å"bouquets† being more commonly used on events such as the former and black â€Å"ribboned wreaths† on the latter. There are also various descriptions of a massive crowd with words like â€Å"shores a-crowding† and â€Å"the swaying mass† which sends the notion that the entire nation are celebrating and mourning the late president. The 13th to 16th lines detail an expression of denial on Whitman’s part to accept the death of his â€Å"Captain†. The speaker dismisses the â€Å"Captain’s† death as a dream. Whitman describes himself assisting his â€Å"Captain† by offering his arm. In the 13th line, the speaker also refers to the â€Å"Captain† as â€Å"Father†, perhaps to emphasize how Whitman perceives Abraham Lincoln as the man who kept America together. It’s â€Å"Father† so to speak. Lines 16-24 In the 16th line, the speaker is brought back to the reality of the â€Å"Captain†, his â€Å"Father’s† demise. The â€Å"Captain’s† lips are described as â€Å"pale and still† and in the 17th line, the more definite signs of death such as not feeling anything and having no pulse are given. The speaker again makes reference to the ship’s achievement because of the â€Å"Captain† from the 18th to 19th lines. He describes the ship as having been able to dock safely with its object won. This is pertaining to the Civil War waged by secessionists who the American government had triumphed against under President Lincoln’s leadership. The last four lines present the speaker’s point of view regarding the victory. While he commands the shores to â€Å"exult† his â€Å"captain’s† honor, he himself decides to continue mourning his loss. In the last two lines, the speaker finally faces the reality of the â€Å"Captain† has indeed â€Å"fallen cold and dead†. Works Cited: Whitman, W. â€Å"O Captain My Captain†. Poetry-Online. 20 July 2007. Gale, Thomas. Exploring Poetry. Gale Group, 1997.

Aristotle Virtue Ethics Essay

One basic notion in Aristotelian ethics that occupies a central significance is Aristotle’s belief in the role of man’s activities in order for one to acquire ethical knowledge. That is, for one to become virtuous or to obtain virtues one should not merely confine himself to mere studying of these virtues but rather one should, more importantly, actualize this knowledge of the virtues. Thus, for one to become good, one should do good. Aristotle further stretches his ideas by proposing the doctrine of the mean. The essence of this doctrine dwells on the basic precept that one ought to avoid the extremes and, instead, settle for the â€Å"mean†. The actions of men, more specifically, ought to be framed upon the â€Å"mean† which is the virtue. For example, the virtue of courage rests on the mean between two extremes: cowardice or the â€Å"lack† of courage, and rashness or the â€Å"excess† in courage. It can easily be observed that Aristotle suggests that one should live a life that does not border on the things that are on the â€Å"most† and the â€Å"least† levels. For example, if I were to follow Aristotle’s ethics I should always see to it that I should consistently draw myself towards the middle value and avoid slanting towards cowardice and excess. All this could have been very well except for one small thing that I cannot seem to fully comprehend. How is it possible for one to ascertain that one is actually taking the middle path? Or how is it possible for one to know that this or that is the middle value or is the virtuous action? Perhaps the key in having an understanding to the notion of the â€Å"mean† is that one should act. That is, as I continually have these ideas as to what I must do when faced with an ethical situation or, at the least, an ordinary situation, I should nonetheless take the course of action so that I will be able to obtain a qualitative understanding that what I am doing is the â€Å"excess†. On the other hand, I will be having quite a rough time in acquiring the understanding as to whether the action that I am doing is virtuous if all that I do is to theorize and never let my theory be put into practice. Aristotle’s virtue ethics reminds me of Plato’s conception of ethics. For the most part of the Republic, Plato attempts to arrive at a conception of a just life by centering on the notion that the just life or that which is good is better than living a life molded on an evil framework and one which prompts individuals to act in an evil manner. At the onset of the Republic’s Book II, a conception of the idea of â€Å"justice† is advanced as the working of an individual in accordance to the role in which one is best suited as well as the belief for non-interference in the activities of others. In essence, this principle is closely related to Plato’s perspective on acting in accordance to one’s nature or intrinsic being which results to the state or condition of being â€Å"just† or acting justly once the individual acts in line to his very nature. Otherwise, if one begins to act beyond what his nature prescribes, then the individual begins to act in an unjust manner thereby resulting to â€Å"evil† actions (Plato and Kamtekar). While Aristotle insists that one should put into action the thought that one may have so as to have an understanding of the middle value that should be taken, Plato, on the other hand, suggests that one should simply go by with one’s nature so as not to be â€Å"evil†. If I were to choose which ethical precept would be better or would fit me best, I would rather be inclined to adopt Aristotle’s virtue ethics over the other because it offers me a chance to actualize myself through my actions and be guided accordingly. Whereas for Plato, what I am seeing is that I should get to know my self first before I act so that I can be good. But this cannot be met easily essentially because I find it quite difficult to know myself if I would not act first. In the light, if all the students in a certain class would build up a virtue like that of Aristotle’s point of view, the achievement of an environment which is formidably that built on the concept of philosophical and tremendously beneficial notions in life, the attainment of the virtue of goodness is towering in the highest hopes—although it eventually does not also undermine the concept of realism. Apparently, many may not stick on this kind of perception and ought to think that it is certainly not possible to achieve a life which is way beyond the bounds of a â€Å"not-so-good† life for that instance, but with the maximum height of human rationality, such may be given enough credit for the philosophers who believed in a life where â€Å"goodness comes in deeds† (Lannstrom). Work Cited Lannstrom, Anna. Loving the Fine: Virtue and Happiness in Aristotle’s Ethics. Indiana USA: University of Notre Dame Press, 2006. Plato, and R. Kamtekar. â€Å"The Conventional View of Justice Developed. † Trans. D. Lee. The Republic. 2 ed: Penguin Classics, 2003. 8-14.

Concepts of Federalism in Public Policy Making Essay

Concepts of Federalism in Public Policy Making - Essay Example From the concept of federalism have come various other schools of thought, which have culminated into sub concepts in their own right. One of these is the concept of dual federalism according to which the best option before any government or nation is to organize itself into separate yet equal branches of government so as to divide the state and national government in various spheres of functioning and significance. According to this, the state government may exercise sovereignty within its own boundaries while the national level authorities will be slated to have exclusive and enumerated powers. Another concept that has branched out from federalism is that of cooperative federalism. According to this school of thought, the best course of action is to establish a strong network of consumer cooperative societies through which cooperative wholesale societies will be formed in order to undertake the purchase of farms and factories. According to federal cooperatives, the proceeds and profits thereof would be paid as dividends to the member cooperatives instead of the workers. Having studied the various aspects of federalism, it would be imperative to state that the public policy making process is greatly influenced by the concept of federalism.

Cubas Government before Communism Research Paper

Cubas Government before Communism - Research Paper Example Several people believed that to publicize information that exhibits that pre-Castro Cuba was accurately an emergent country was a way of justifying the actions of Batista. The reality is that Cuban advancement of the period was basically as a consequence of the efforts indulged in all these sectors of the nation, as it marked the 57th years of the republic. In the year 1950, two years before Batista’s were granted the second credibility to power. It was fortunate as the Cuban Peso has the same monetary value as the U.S dollar. Given suggestion not only by the authorized press inside the island, and also by Radio Havana Cuba, a nationalized- run radio station that relays information globally in various languages, and by the authorized information organization Prensa Latina, the movement made outstanding prominence on the financial woe and misery under which the island theoretically lived. The campaign made exceptional emphasis on the economic wretchedness under, which the island hypothetically lived, and on the economic control that the United States had exercised over it. This section of the campaign was meant to help validate the continuation of a communist novelist, whose goals and ambitions helped him to renovate the deep transformations in the nation. These social renovations were termed as items of diminishing poverty (Urlich, 99). Those who believed in the Castroism propaganda had a depiction that Cuba was a nation with a 40%literacy level, within the gluttonous hands of multi-national US Corporation controlling every aspect of the national economy. Cuba was a country that had no enough doctors, workers of farmers, due to the high level of redundancy, and with houses of prostitution and gaming casinos on each corner. Cuba was an underdeveloped country and its resources distributed equally among all the people (Urlich, 100).  

Leadership Is Action and Not Position (The Enthusiastic Delegator) Case Study

Leadership Is Action and Not Position (The Enthusiastic Delegator) - Case Study Example Leadership can be viewed to be one of the imperative factors affecting the success or failure of an organization. Leadership plays a significant role in influencing and directing each member of the organization towards attaining shared vision and goals. At the present day context, leadership has become a key element in every part of human life. Contextually, it is recognized that certain leaders are born with the pertinent qualities and traits to be regarded as a born leader. However, certain leaders are required to develop the essential leadership qualities such as delegation, problem solving and efficient decision making among others to be regarded as a successful leader of an organization. True leaders can be regarded as those individuals who demonstrate positive attitude and intellectual speaking ability. These are the people who demonstrate their leadership traits through action and not by their position. An individual can possess a unique leadership style, however at times there is a requirement of altering the followed leadership style according to the situation in hand. In such scenarios, a leader needs to make pertinent decisions and properly delegate the required tasks among the subordinates to ensure proper flow of action in the organization. ‘Leadership is Action, Not Position’ is one of the famous quotes of Donald H. McGannon who operates ‘Westinghouse Broadcasting Corporation’ and also plays the role of President of ‘National Urban League (NUL)’. A person in order to become a successful leader needs to earn the respect of his/her followers by appropriate actions and not by the mere position of authority. . As a leader, an individual should realize that every action should reflect its reaction upon his or her attitude, integrity and ability (Bolden, 2004). Summary of the Pertinent Facts of the Case According to the case study, it has been observed that Charles Turner was promoted as a manager in the sales department at Universal Fibre and Textile Company. Moreover, the company had entered into the market two years before through selling a wide range of electrical insulation materials. The company’s entry into the market was quite successful through ‘High-ohm’ products. The company was going to launch its new manufacturing unit where production capacity was double than the previous manufacturing plant. The sales director of this company was still in doubt regarding Charles Turner’s position as a manager within the sales department. Moreover, sales director was also in doubt that how Charles Turner can manage the sales force of the company along with ensuring high ohm produ cts manufacturing within the new plant. Furthermore, the sales director was personally expected to initiate the service of â€Å"house accounts† in order to increase the High-ohm products sales by about 25%. In this case study, it has been observed that Jim Ferris was one of the successful sales managers who operated in Northern and Midwest Area’s operations. Jim Ferris was considered as a high reputed, brilliant and successful salesman regarding industrial products. Being a successful sales manager Jim Ferris effectively managed the entire operational activities of the company which can be observed from the increase of sales of High-ohm products by about 44% in Midwest Area. Conversely, being a manager of Electrical Insulation Materials Sales Department, Charles Turner managed only 28% of the sales of High-ohm products in Southeast region. According to case study, the basic fact that has been observed is that being a successful employee Jim Ferris was not promoted as a manager in northwest sales department. By taking into concern the scenario provided in the case study, an interesting fact that has been observed is that Charles Turner was quite suspicious regarding his own capabilities and skills. He was a methodical, painstaking and cautious person, which can be regarded as among the essential qualities for managing a sales

Charlotte Perkins Gilmanin The Yellow Wallpaper Essay

Charlotte Perkins Gilmanin The Yellow Wallpaper - Essay Example The same opposition can also be read in The Yellow Wallpaper when the narrator objected to the treatment by writing: â€Å"But I don't want to go there at all. I had a friend who was in his hands once, and she says he is just like John and my brother, only more so!† Because she objected to the physician’s advice and treatment, Charlotte Perkins Gilman found herself recovering from her illness. Soon enough, she wrote the â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† in 1892 as a way of â€Å"rejoicing by the narrow escape† and â€Å"to reach Dr. S. Weir Mitchell and convince him of the error of his ways†. She admitted that she was â€Å"helped by a wise friend† to abandon the treatment and continue with her work. Later, in The Yellow Wallpaper, she described this person in the form of a woman who â€Å"creeps† behind the yellow wallpaper which enabled her to sink deeper into madness or liberation from her current condition. While there are feminist ideal s reflected in the story, it is mostly because of her experiences having grown up with women who thought of liberal ideas. For Gilman, the goal was to publicize the conditions of women suffering from postpartum depression during her time. The parallelism of Gilman’s life to that of the narrator in The Yellow Wallpaper a testament that biographical interpretations of fictional works remain to be relevant because readers are able to have a closer interpretation of the writer's original intention in writing the story.

Middle ages Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Middle ages - Essay Example These revolutions in art were very significant because people would display their messages through their paintings. Renaissance architecture was very elegant and domed cathedrals like Saint Peter’s Basilica in Rome and Brunelleschis Cathedral in Florence were also very beautifully designed. The impact of Renaissance was very strong on Netherlands, France and England. It focused more on Science, Mathematics and Christianity. The Protestant Reformation was started by Martin Luther who remodeled the religious and political map of Europe. These reformers promoted education especially in Calvinist areas therefore the role of the Catholic Church was truncated. The Thirty Years War was also fought during this period between Spain and the Roman Empire over religious and nationalist issues. This upset the balance of the political power though there was a slight change in the social life as women’s role was improved. The Europeans were more interested in material wealth. There was an influx of gold and silver from Latin America that grew as colonization advanced. This change also hurt many others which resulted in the rise of proletariat who did not have anything except for their skills. Persecution began in this period which created hatred and fear in the hearts of the poor people. The Scientific Revolution spread rapidly transforming all the areas of Europe. Copernicus’ discovery of the heliocentric theory also brought about a great influence on scientific studies. His work was carried on by Kepler’s planetary observations and Galileo’s research. According to a famous scientist, John Locke, everything could be known with the use of reason through the sense. By 1750, political forms crystallized with few developments like that in Prussia. Dynamism, improvement in agriculture and religious tolerance could be seen under the leadership of Frederick the Great. Colonization was the cause of the increase in consumer demand for imported products. Agriculture was

Answer HR Question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Answer HR Question - Essay Example Form job seekers perspective, e-recruitment gave them the advantage of centralized job search and resume building services. Therefore, job seekers do not have to spend time looking for an opening in multiple newspapers. Number of options is available to employers for announcing their vacancies on internet. Most simple and cost effective approach is to maintain vacancy page on the employer website. Second, is to use specialist agency that has its operations on internet. These cyber agencies provide various advantages ranging from receiving resumes to short listing candidates. Third category is the jobsites linked to newspapers and journals. These websites republishes the advertisements, printed in careers section of newspapers. Similarly, there are jobsites operated by employment agencies. There are certain employment agents that have their presence on internet. Anyone who has access to internet, can access these channels (Taylor, 2002). It is up to the employers to select the medium he wants to advertise his vacancy. Some of these mentioned sources provide with extra services like online resume building, cover letters etc. Internet recruitment offers a number of advantages to recruiters. This method costs less than other methods of recruitment. It can save enormous time and efforts spent in recruitment process. Furthermore, internet can gather a large pool of applicants, as recruiting medium. However, it raises some issues for example, as the number of applicant increases, more be the chances of unqualified applicants sending their resumes. Similarly, some qualified candidates who do not have access to internet are not able to apply. Privacy is also an issue because you share your information on websites that can violate certain laws (Mathis, Jackson, 2007). Therefore, sometimes advantages of using internet for recruitment purpose turns into disadvantages. On one hand, e-recruitments save our money and

Emergency planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Emergency planning - Essay Example Aiding the effectiveness of upstream and downstream business operations is the projects and technology constituent of Shell’s operations which essentially aims to enhance the innovative capacity of upstream and downstream operations (Shell 2013b). This report aims to develop an emergency management plan for Shell, as a means of assisting the successful attainment of the company’s goals with its operations in the Arctic. By acting as a plan of action in case of the emergence of potential hazards, disasters and threats that are associated with the commencement of the project, the creation of this report takes into account an assessment of various scenarios, procedures that should be initiated during disaster, recuperation from the consequences of disaster and frameworks for rehabilitation. The publication of Michael Porter’s second book titled Competitive Advantage: Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance highlighted the critical role of competitive advantage in aiding business success and promoting advanced performance (Harmon 2003: p57). This strategic tool helps assess how activities conducted by Shell share an association with the strengths of its value creation process. The upstream business operations of Shell that are related to the extraction of natural gas and crude oil are categorized as the primary activities of the company as per the framework presented above. Henceforth, any imminent threats to Shell’s operations can be either operational or technological depending on the nature of business activity. The offshore activities of Shell in Alaska include exploratory drilling operations for uncovering the abundance of natural resources in the region. These activities constitute of: exploration phase, development phase and production phase (Shell in Alaska). Moreover, logistics as a primary activity are also taken into consideration to meet the

Creating a media relations campaign for BBC, UK - Case Study Essay

Creating a media relations campaign for BBC, UK - Case Study - Essay Example The BBC World Service relay both news and current affairs programmes to the world through radio, TV and online broadcasts. These services are also available in around 32 languages of the different countries around the globe. Since its formation in the 1920s, the BBC had been enjoying the broadcasting market free of competition until the 1950s when the viewer preference changed due to technological advancements (Mennen, 2011). The viewers opted for a broadcasting service that was impartial and quite cheap in terms of financial spending. This led to the establishment of the UK’s Independent Broadcasting Commission that consequently issued broadcasting licenses to the then newly established Independent Television (ITV). These two televisions enjoyed the fruits of broadcasting until a third competitor in the market (the BSKYB broadcaster) officially launched. The BSKYB broadcaster changed the broadcasting culture by including the American news journalism and making its services available exclusively through the satellite. The services of BSKYB were, as well, relatively cheap as they were available on a monthly subscription (Mennen, 2011). This competition was the beginning of the challenges and issue s of the BBC Corporation that this paper seeks to address through a media relations campaign. The recent years has seen growth in the popularity of strategic management mainly accredited to Gary Hamal, C.K. Prahalad and Michael Porter (Harris, & Wegg-Prosser, 2007). Among the various concepts introduced by Hamel and Prahalad include the concept of core competency which basically refers to the activities that are employed by a company and gives it a competitive advantage in the industry in which they operate. To this regard, it is evident that BBC continues to be brand with popular presence thanks to its long lasting commitment to quality and innovation. Right from 2007, a very

Native americans Essay Example for Free

Native americans Essay Native Americans are known for many different qualities they had as a part of their lifestyle. Native Americans have been living in the Americas for many years. During their time period, we learned so much from them. Most of the information that was found, was by the movie â€Å"The Last of the Mohicans† and the three origin myths. There are many different Native American tribes that factor out cultural differences, in which usually includes nature, hybridity, and a culture clash. Nature is one of the main aspects that Native Americans show respect to. In the movie â€Å"The Life of the Mohicans† the Mohicans, one of the Native American tribes, show respect to the animal that they killed by giving thank you to him. Sometimes nature can be a bad thing, in which it surrounds the characters and complicates their battles and their chances for survival. In the movie, the Mohicans used nature in order to track their enemies, which in this case the Hurons In the origin myths, nature was what started this world and created mankind. Many Native Americans now in days still show respect for nature. There were many kinds of hybridity shown in the movie. Hybridity is the mixing of separate elements into one whole. Hawkeye is an example of hybridity because white by blood but Indian by habit. In the novel, Cora is a hybrid because her mother was black and her father was white. When nature and culture collide it makes a hybridity, just like what the Mohicans did in the movie. By the end of the nineteenth century, hybridity became very popular by rapid developments in genetic. When the Native Americans lived in the Americas, they were not alone. There was a culture clash between the Native Americans and the Europeans. In the movie, the Hurons and the Europeans did not get along. The Europeans would take by force the Native Americans Most of the Europeans killed the Native Americans for no particular reason. At the end, the ones getting involved in the small battle were the Mohicans and the Hurons. Even though both of the tribes were related, there were some differences that they had. Native Americans were well known for their culture and different lifestyles. The Native Americans had many beliefs of their different gods. The Native Americans had different tribes, but they all show respect to nature, some kind of hybridity, and the culture clash that they were involved in.

Influence And Power Of Political Dynasties Politics Essay

Influence And Power Of Political Dynasties Politics Essay The political dynasty undoubtedly plays an influential role in Philippine society. Families of political dynasties are sitting side by side to deliberate on important legislations that will affect the future of more than 80 million Filipinos both young and old for generations to come (PHILIPPINEPOLITICS.NET., 2000). It has been often contended that political dynasties go against the values upheld by democracy since it does not provide an equal opportunity for people to hold offices of power and service. With the set-up of the political dynasty, it seems as if positions of power are exclusively dominated by a particular clan or family. Arguably, the political dynasty is said to monopolize the system of governance since it limits the chances of other common Filipinos to serve the people. It creates a brain drain in the sense that the new and capable leader who could possibly perform better than those currently in office, would not be given an opportunity when running against someone wi th a name. Former Mayor, and now DILG Secretary Jesse Robredo of Naga City, who has firmly stood against political dynasties, he believes, The right to serve does not belong to one family alone. Ordinary people who deserve to be empowered should be given the opportunity to serve the community,  [1]  (Medel, 2007).It is undeniable that there are candidates who are voted into office simply because of their name and fame. Sons, siblings and even wives of politicians people who have no knowledge whatsoever of how to lead and serve, are voted into office simply because of their connection to previous leaders. Electoral votes are not so much based on the capability of one to serve, but rather on the name carried by one who is running. It is quite obvious that the family name of an elected official or a potential candidate plays a big role in the success of one who falls under the category of being part of a political family. It can be identified that power can be seen not only in exe rcises of excess but also in tangible things such as a candidates family name. This symbolic power could be seen as a perpetuation of the power system that runs through a political dynasty since it plays a big role in a dynastys continued existence and evolution. The validity of the political dynasty has always remained a highly debatable matter. Why do traditional political clans that which do not ground their resources based on their economic stance, still exist in the Philippine political arena despite some rejections by others that it does not provide equal opportunities for other candidates to run for public office? What key elements existing in these political dynasties make them dominant in the political arena up until today? Does the existence of the political dynasty really help the Filipino people, or is it just making the political maturity of the nation stagnant? (PHILIPPINEPOLITICS.NET., 2000). Despite the negative connotation brought about by political dynasties and its detrimental effects throughout Philippine history, political dynasties are not entirely negative and can bring certain positive effects. The solution to stop the negative effects linked to political dynasties is not to ban political dynasties in general, but inst ead, to educate people to vote more responsibly in choosing a leader. In this paper, I intend to find the factors that make political dynasties relevant today in the face of a democratic Philippine society by taking into consideration Michel Foucaults theory on power and Vladimir Lenins theory on organization. In line with what Michel Foucault mentioned in his work, Discipline and Punish, political dynasties in the Philippines are unique in a way that they possess dynamic qualities that keep them surviving up until today. He stressed in his work that power is exercised in ways that it can be excessive to maintain order and discipline in society. The example would be that of Francois Damiens  [2]  , who was publicly tortured and executed for his attempt to assassinate the sovereign. As Foucault recounts the event, one can see the display of the excessive use of power to punish Damiens for his actions, as seen in his recount wherein à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Damiens, who cried out profusely, though without swearing, raised his head and looked at himself; the same executioner dipped an iron spoon, in the pot containing boiling potion, which he poured liberally over each wound  [3]  (Focault, 1977). Here we can see the sovereigns excessive use of power to punish a subject who attempted to challen ge his sovereignty by attempting to take his life. Francois Damiens public torture and execution was made as an example to others that contesting the kings sovereignty would be subject to the same level of punishment or worse. What Michel Foucault was reiterating in his account of Damiens torture is that power is primarily being exercised on the body as a means of strategizing the deployments of power rather than to punish the violator by causing physical pain. The crime committed by Damiens was against the body of the king; therefore, the punishment that was given to the violator was also against his body, through the form of torture. The pain caused to the body was clearly not intended only for the body alone but rather reached out to those who have witnessed or heard about the execution. The gravity of such an event still touches on modernity in a way that whoever reads or hears about such an event could still feel the gravity of the excessive use of power. During the early 18th century, there was a display of excessive torture on the body according to Michel Foucault. In a span of a few decades, the process of torture became a process of organized disciplinary action in the form of a penal justice system. This evolution of torture saw the disappearance of punishment on the body and a loosening of the hold of the sovereign over the body. In the disappearance of punishment, it enters into the abstract consciousness of society rather than of perceptions. Moreover, there is a focus on the effectivity of punishment rather than of spectacles, wherein it focuses only on visibility or intensity of punishment such as that of Foucaults account of Damiens torture. On the loosening of hold of the sovereign on the body, one can see that punishment no longer touched the body but rather as Foucault would state, The body now serves as an instrument or intermediary: if one intervenes upon it to imprison it, or to make it work, it is in order to deprive the individual of a liberty that is regarded both as a right and as property  [4]  (Focault, 1977). In the spectacle of scaffolds, executioners served as the kings hand in punishing offenders. As time passed, doctors, psychiatrists, guidance counselors, judges and jail wardens now took over the executioners role of administering punishment. As Foucault aptly put it, To sum up, ever since the new penal system that defined by the great codes of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries has been in operation, a general process has led judges to judge something other than crimes; they have been led in their sentences to do something other than judge; and the power of judging has been transferred in part, to other authorities than the judges of the offence.   The whole penal operation has taken on extra-juridical elements and personnel.  [5]  (Focault, 1977). Negative Sides to Political Dynasties The very excess of the violence employed is one of the elements of glory: the fact that the guilty man should moan and cry out under the blows is not a shameful side effect, it is the very ceremonial of justice being expressed in all its force. Hence no doubt those tortures that take place even after death: corpses burnt, ashes thrown to the winds, bodies dragged on hurdles and exhibited at the roadside. Justice pursues the body beyond all possible pain  [6]  (Focault, 1977) Similar to what Foucault had studied about power relations, this paper, uses the same theory but relates it to the phenomenon of political dynasties in the Philippines. Throughout Philippine history, the political dynasty has taken on a negative connotation. Often linked to problems like graft, corruption, and abuse of power, it has taken on a detrimental role to society. Perhaps the most infamous of all would be the political dynasty of the Marcos family. Alleged to have embezzled between US$5 billion and US$10 billion from the Philippines, Transparency International  [7]  has ranked Ferdinand Marcos at second on a list of the worlds most corrupt political leaders of the past two decades; surpassed only by former Indonesian President Suharto (Ferdinand Marcos: Killer File, 2000). Names like the Estradas/Ejercitos and the Singson families have also linked the image of the political dynasty to allegations of graft and corruption. Luis Chavit Singson, governor of the province of Il ocos Sur, alleged that he had personally given Estrada the sum of 400 million pesos as payoff from illegal gambling profits such as jueteng, as well as 180 million pesos from the government price subsidy for the tobacco farmers marketing cooperative. Singsons allegation caused an uproar across the nation, which culminated in Estradas impeachment trial by the House of Representatives in November 13, 2000. A more recent example, would be that of the Ampatuans, whose name has been thrust to the limelight after the event of the Maguindanao Massacre  [8]  where 58 individuals consisting of their family rivals, the Mangudadatus, relatives and some journalists were shot and killed preventing them from filing their patrons certificate of candidacy. Families linked to political dynasties flood the news with allegations of all sorts of crime ranging from corruption, theft, murder and even rape. Regardless of whether these are proven or unproven, it all translates into the tarnished and dirty image that the political dynasty holds in todays society. This is exactly what Michel Foucault talks about in the spectacle of the scaffold wherein there is a display of an excessive use of power through torture. As Foucault mentions, there are three criterions where punishment must follow in order to fall under the category of torture. The first being, that it must manifest pain on a certain degree, that could be seen in the example of Francois Damiens torture. The second being that such pain is regulated in a way that suffering is maximized rather than imposing death immediately because this suffering would insure a more effective notice of change on the offenders part. Last but not least, perhaps the most important would be that torture ma rks the individual and that it should serve as a spectacle. Torture marking the individual means that there is a reclaiming of the sovereign by the ruler and that the making of the execution as a spectacle would serve as a public display of the rulers sovereignty. Such a public execution seeks to reach out to the whole of the society by letting the thought of punishment run through their consciousness making them aware of the total power of the sovereign, them serving as his subjects. The context of the logic of torture is that there is contempt for body, wherein the body serves a possession of the sovereign. There is a political need for the sovereign to display his power which will serve as a recognition of his dominance over his subjects. In addition, this display of power actually runs through an internal organization of politicization and serves as a disciplining factor towards order. As Foucault mentions how the Enlightenment period called torture as an atrocity, atrocity is one of those that best designates the economy of public torture in the old penal practice.  [9]  (Focault, 1977) Further, he states that insofar as being the crime before everyones eyes in all its severity, the punishment must take responsibility for this atrocity: it must bring to light by confessions, statements, inscription that make it public, it must reproduce it in ceremonies that apply it to the body of the guilty person in the form of humiliation and pain. Atrocity is that pa rt of the crime that the punishment turns back as torture in order to display it in the full light of day  [10]  (Focault, 1977) In light of Michel Foucaults study of power, he shows how the display of excessive power can serve as a negative connotation towards disciplining society. In relation to the existence of political dynasties, their display of excessive power by means of running private armies or reliance on coercion in order to establish and maintain their power, could very well serve as a detriment to public order as well as to their own existence. This is where Vladimir Lenins theory on organization can come into play because power alone in a democratic society, especially excessive power, can clash with the values of democracy while power coupled with proper organization could compromise with the said values. Organization, furthermore, would tweak how power is distributed, dispersed and used on the sovereigns subjects. In the case of political dynasties where power is seen to be a tool used for political domination, power alongside organization can produce an effective dynasty, which operates on be half of and for the public rather than for itself and its interests. Good Sides to Political Dynasties In his book, What is to be done?, Vladimir Lenin talks about the importance of organization to serve as a focusing of all efforts towards a certain goal. An organized exercise of power would mean that there is a proper system that is undergone where it is both regulated and directed towards achieving a goal rather than just a spectacle. In the case of political dynasties, despite the weaknesses that they are prone to, it also has its strengths. Political dynasties provide continuity and political stability which is particularly obvious in provinces such as those held by the Josons of Nueva Ecija, Ortegas of La Union, and Dys of Isabela. There is minimal political risk and this plays a huge role when it comes to investments. With the continuity offered by political dynasties, investors can be assured that laws do not change mid-stream of an investors project and that business agreements made in the past would still be upheld in the succeeding generations. This sparks an interest in t erms of foreign corporations doing business in third world countries since it takes out premium on political instability insurance (PHILIPPINEPOLITICS.NET., 2000). Furthermore, this continuity assures that the desired goal is achieved overtime and will be implemented throughout a long-term establishment made by these dynasties. In addition, their continued existence help promote continued progress and development, so long as the succeeding leader is actually capable and not just voted for his namesake. For example, a son who is to take the place of his fathers position in office, would be able to benefit from the experience and guidance of his father. Assuming that the succeeding leader has been trained from early on by the example of good leaders who have also lead from his dynasty, he would be able to emulate the good qualities and learn from mistakes made in the past as well as assure the constant upholding of the good qualities taught by his predecessors. By this process of lear ning from the example of the previous generations, they would have a huge advantage in terms of leadership and experience. An example of a prosperous region, which has been ruled under a political dynasty for over a century, is La Union. The family of Ortegas have occupied elective and appointed positions in the province since the 20th century. In 1901, Joaquin Ortega was appointed governor by the US colonial administration. In 2006, ten Ortegas were holding various elective posts in La Union  [11]  (Medel, 2007). The prosperity of the region speaks clearly, of how well the dynasty has managed. Boasting a 97% literacy rate and a 94.77% employment rate, La Union is classified as a first class province (La Union, 2007). The City of San Fernando is now the seat of national government agencies in Region I and center of trade, commerce, financial and educational institutions, among others. From a deep rooted potential of stable community governance, to international shipping, an airport with viable capacity to accommodate international air traffic, natural terrain conducive to tourism development and a pe ople endowed with cultural and virtuous heritage of industry, spirituality, nationalism and aspiration for growth, peace and prosperity, the City of San Fernando has emerged as the booming Metropolis of the North. (San Fernando City). In response to issues raised regarding the continued existence of a political dynasty in the region, Mayor Mary Jane C. Ortega replies, It is not an issue. Why punish people who deliver? Like in Frankfurt, they have a Mayor for 25 years and she keeps delivering. Look how developed Frankfurt is. It is not an issue if you are in power for a long time. It is not actually the length of service. It is the quality of service that you give. If the leader delivers, why punish him/ her? On the other hand, if you have a term limitation, three years is too long kung hindi naman nagdedeliver,  [12]  (Medel, 2007). Another respectable leader belonging to families with a background in political dynasties include Senator Mar Roxas, son of the illustrious Senator Gerry Roxas, and the grandson of the venerable President Manuel Roxas whose public service careers have greatly benefited the country. Mars public service life began in the House of Representatives in 1993. After his congressional stint, he was appointed as Secretary of the Department of Trade and Industry; and then in 2004, he was elected to the Senate with a staggering 20 million votes the largest ever obtained by a candidate in any Philippine election. Mars stint in the House is most noted for his principal authorship of RA 7880, also known as the Roxas Law, which ensures fair distribution of the education capital budget among all the provinces. This gave life to his advocacy for fair and equitable access to education, free from regional bias and political patronage considerations. Owing to his record of accomplishments as a public se rvant and political leader, the international community described Mar as one of the young leaders in politics and business who will bring Asia and the Pacific to the forefront of world affairs. (Senator Mar A. Roxas) At the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland, Mar was named as one of the Global Leaders of Tomorrow who is expected to shape the future. (Senator Mar A. Roxas) Recently, the Singapore Government has awarded him as the 16th Lee Kuan Yew Fellow (Senator Mar A. Roxas). Another example of a leader who has chosen to stick by his principles despite the temptations offered by that of a political dynasty is Governor Barbers. Governor Robert Lyndon S. Barbers is the eldest son of Senator Robert Bobby Z. Barbers and Vergie Smith of Makati City. The family has a deep-rooted background in politics. His brother was second district Rep. of Surigao del Norte and was succeeded by other family members who ran for governor in the province. Despite his familys involvement in a political dynasty, Lyndon Barbers has made a clear stand against nepotism; relatives are banned from benefiting from any project on account of his position as Governor. This has been proven on several instances. A relative of his was once caught operating a sand-gravel quarrying business without a license or permit and was brought to court. In another instance, a cousin of his was arrested for illegal gambling operations  [13]  (Medel, 2007). In addition, there are many other families be longing to political dynasties that have also contributed a great deal into building the nation and serving its people. Families like the Magsaysays, Osmenas, Biazons, Cayetanos, Villars, Duavits, Escuderos, Espinas, Gordons, Madrigals, Mitras Plazas, and Rectos have done a good job of keeping a clean image. These are the leaders who prove that the political dynasty can be beneficial to society so long as it does not abuse its power. It cannot be discounted that one will not practice the use of power, although, there can be ways wherein this power can be diverted into good reasons to achieve societal order and development. This is what Vladimir Lenin is stresses when he mentions in his work that, Such workers, average people of the masses, are capable of displaying enormous energy and self-sacrifice in strikes and in street, battles with the police and the troops, and are capable (in fact, are alone capable) of determining the outcome of our entire movement but the struggle against the political police requires special qualities; it requires professional revolutionaries  [14]  (Lenin, 1902). In this quotation, Lenin stresses that organizing a mass of people requires a strategic use of power as opposed to a fueling of the mobs emotions. A possible historical example would be that of the American Revolution in contrast to the French revolution. The French revolution had failed to recognize their freedom becaus e they failed to organize their efforts of systemizing their revolution. The leaders of the French revolution relied solely on power and doing so led to the abuse and struggle of power. In the end, the French revolution served as a spectacle of disorganization, wherein towards the end, Napoleon Bonapartes emergence to take hold of power was recognized. This emergence of Napoleon from this disorganization is an opposite to that of an organized succession and transfer of power seen in the American Revolution. The American Revolution, through proper organization, gave birth to freedom, liberty and equality among the states. The transfer and succession of power from one president to another required organization as well as a regulation of their, being the presidents, powers. The political dynasty has its own share of pros and cons. There are examples of good political dynasties as well as bad ones. However, it is usually the faults of the political dynasty that are highlighted and scrutinized. More often than not, the news is filled with reports about charges of theft, plunder and whatnot. As a result of which, many have turned to the solution of trying to ban political dynasties completely. Laws Regarding Political Dynasties In terms of the legality of political dynasties, Art. II, Sec. 26 of the Constitution says, The State shall guarantee equal access to opportunities for public service, and prohibit political dynasties as may be defined by law. However, there is no clear definition of political dynasties and therefore the provision is none self-executing. It is the most ignored policy by Congress due to certain reasons. The framers left it to the congress to define political dynasties which it has not done (Cruz, 2007). This loophole in the law has allowed the political dynasty to continue up to the present day even if it is technically not allowed. The only law being actively enforced to prevent the abuse of power is the term limits on elective positions. However, providing a term limit for elective officials is easily countered by having families pass on their power. To retain political hold on his constituents, a forcibly retired official arranges to have his wife, a mistress, one of his children, his own siblings, or a parent to occupy his position for one term. After which, he will be qualified again to run for office (Cruz, 2007). In an effort to ban political dynasties, there was an anti-dynasty bill that was filled by Majority Floor Leader Arthur Defensor of Iloilo. Section Five of House Bill 783, which reads, Any person who has a political dynasty relationship with an incumbent elective official is disqualified from running for any elective public office within the same city and/or province where the elective public official is running. This bill will only be proactive. It will not affect those who are already currently holding positions. The bill also limits the definition of a political dynasty relationship as existing only among relatives up to the second degree of affinity or consanguinity. Thus, only the spouse, children, siblings or parents of the incumbent are deemed disqualified and similar in-law relationship. The bill disallows a relative of an incumbent from running for a position like governor, vice governor, mayor, vice mayor, as these positions are vested executive power. Another distinct feat ure of this bill is that it allows relatives of the incumbent to run for posts such as board member or councilor where power is shared owing to the collegial nature of the office. The idea of the bill is to bar relatives from holding positions where power is concentrated in an individual, but not from positions where decision-making is made through deliberation and consensus (Bordadora, 2007). Solution to Problems Regarding Political Dynasties Although this new bill seems like a good and effective idea for countering the negative effects of the existence political dynasties, it has yet to have been decided by legislators whether this will be fully implemented or not. It is up to the Congress to decide whether this bill will be passed and it seems highly unlikely that they will do so. This is partly due to the fact that political dynasties have become so much a part of the current system of governance that it is almost impossible to change. I dont think it has much of a chance under the present Congress, stated Defensor regarding his opinion on possibility of the bill being passed (Bordadora, 2007). Like it or not, the emergence of political dynasties in the Philippines still operate well within the framework of so-called democracy (PHILIPPINEPOLITICS.NET., 2000). No matter how much effort is put against the political dynasty, it is here to stay. It is simply futile to hope for any change regarding the current laws on political dynasties. Instead of looking at something that is simply out of reach, people should realize that there lies a much simpler solution. It would be impossible to ban all political dynasties in general; however, it is possible to put an end to the bad political dynasties. People should realize that they are the ones who elect their leaders into office. No matter how strong a political dynasty may be, sovereignty is held by the people. At the end of the day, it will be the people to decide whether or not a dynasty will be succeeded. Absolute power is when you have a dictatorship. We still have to go through an election. The electorate will be the ones to dic tate who are the ones who will lead. The people have the power, not the officials  [15]  (Medel, 2007). All this talk about outlawing political dynasties and its bad effects would not even be necessary if people were to vote more responsibly. What is happening in todays society is that the people are the ones choosing to make themselves powerless. They are quick to find faults in the system and demand for change, yet they do nothing to actually work for change. People need to realize that as much as the bad political dynasties are to blame, they are also responsible for allowing these dynasties to remain in power. Ultimately, people have the power to put a stop to political dynasties if the need arises. If they see that a certain dynasty abuses their power, they possess the power and responsibility to vote towards a change in leadership. On the other hand, if a dynasty is doing a good job, then they have the option to allow the dynasty to continue in the succeeding generations. According to then Representative of Tarlac and now President Benigno Aquino, the issue of whether a member of a political family should continue in office or not is a matter of public choice. At the end of the day, people deserve the government they get, he said (Cusi, 2004). That being said, these traditional political dynasties, that which do not ground their resources based on their economic stance, are still existing up to this day because they dont just merely exercise power on behalf of their families but rather they direct this power towards an ordered use to improve the publics welfare which is the way its supposed to be in a democratic society. While progress continues to be delivered by these political clans to their constituents, then their dominance and relevance in the Philippine political arena and society will be here to stay. On the other hand, if one lacks or exceeds in either their organization or exercise of power, then that dynasty is bound to fail. All in all, it is difficult to make a generalization whether the political dynasty is in fact good or bad since this would differ on a case-to-case basis. It can be detrimental to Philippine society on some instances, yet beneficial on other cases. There are both good political dynasties and bad ones. Each political dynasty has its own strengths and weaknesses and it is the duty of the people to be the judge. The political dynasty, like any other system of leadership, is prone to error. After all, no system of government is truly perfect; problems will always arise. What are needed are the unified efforts of each and every individual to continually strive in building the nation into a better place.

Price Discrimination In India And The Us Economics Essay

Price Discrimination In India And The Us Economics Essay Publishers have traditionally sold textbooks at different prices in different areas of the world. For example, a textbook that sells for $70 in the United States might sell for $5 in India. Although the Indian version might be printed in cheaper paper and lack color illustrations, it provides essentially the same information. Indian customers typically cannot afford to pay the U.S. price. Use the theories of price discrimination presented in this chapter to explain this strategy. The definition of price discrimination is the practice of charging different prices to various groups of customers that are not based on differences in the costs of production. In another word, a type product has been produced under same condition, same content, share the same cost, but it sells in different prices to different customers at different places, which in the context is the textbooks. Price discrimination normally happened in segmenting market that varying price elasticity or price sensitivity of demand. As in the context example, U.S. customers are segmented as inelastic market whereas India customers are elastic market. It explained that U.S. customers will purchase the textbooks even it charged in a higher price, however India customers might refuse or unaffordable to purchase the higher price textbooks. The purpose of price discrimination is to maximize the profit that has to do with consumer surplus. Consumer surplus is the difference between the total amount of money consumers are willing to pay for a product rather than do without and the amount they actually have to pay when a single price is charged for all units of the products. Refers to the Figure 1 below, the customer surplus is the area of P1AB. Q P Q1 0 P1 Demand A B Figure 1 As for the willingness to pay, the customers might not want to purchase the extra units of product where they think are not worth for it. Example, in India, there is plenty type of textbooks published by different publishers, why should the customers grab one of yours? Even your textbooks fit the customers wants, but the selling price might be too high for the customers that they think it does not worth that much for them to pay for. It is also the example of price elasticity in India market. Basically, there are three theoretical models of price discrimination first degree, second degree, and third degree price discrimination. For the context of textbooks selling in India and U.S. markets, it falls into the category of third degree price discrimination. Third degree price discrimination is the most common form of price discrimination, where firms separate or segment the markets according to the price elasticity of demand and charge a different price for each market. Of course, the firms is charging a higher prices in the most inelastic demand market, which is U.S. and sells in a lower price in India that the market is more elastic or price sensitive in demand. Since the U.S. market and India market has difference in elasticity and willingness to pay for the textbooks, the publisher segments the markets by charging U.S. market a higher price. Meanwhile, publisher charged a lower price in India market to increase or maximize its revenue. 0 Q1 Q2 U.S. market Quantity India market Quantity $ MC MR2 MR1 D2 D1 70 5 Figure 2On the other hand, if the publisher charged a higher price in India market as in U.S. market price, the India customers may unaffordable to purchase the textbooks or they are not willing to pay that much just for a textbook, where the textbook is not worth for what they are paying. Therefore, it would be a failure in India market if the publisher sells the textbooks in a high price as in U.S. market, which is shown in the Figure 2 based on the context example. In the Figure 2, the right side is the demand of U.S. market and on the left is the India market demand. In order to further explain why it would be a failure to charge higher price in India market, it is drawn to shows that if the publisher charge $70 abroad all the market as in U.S., there is no demand in the India market. In order to maximize the profit, the publisher has to lower the price as like marginal revenue equal to marginal cost (MC=MR2) for the India market. However, for the U.S. market that has the demand and the willingness to pay even in a higher selling price, it is an unwise decision to lower the textbooks selling price in U.S. market as what it charged in India market for the purpose of price standardization abroad. That is for sure the quantity in U.S. market will increase but it does not served the rules of profit maximization, where price at MC=MR1 should be charged in U.S. market that is $70. If the publisher decides to sell this textbook online, what problems will this present for the pricing strategy? How might the publisher respond? For the price discrimination segmented market, one problem need to be identified and managed by the firms, where the firms has to ensure or able to prevent the resale activity among the different groups of customers. Otherwise, the customers who are charged a lower price could be able to resell the product on hand to the customers who are in the higher price market segment. Hence, if the publisher is going to sell the textbook online, it will probably have to set a single price, where it is typically the high U.S. price. It is a safe precaution step for the publisher to set in a high price that to assume the customers who order online are affordable and willing to pay even in high price. However, it would means that it will lose the India market who may not afford to pay for a high price textbooks. On the other side, publisher might think of customization or product differentiation. For example, the publisher may amend the textbooks content such as the example in textbooks to use India currency, rupees instead of U.S. dollar. This India version can be sold together with the original U.S. version online with different pricing. One of the reasons is the India customers will feel more relevant to them that the example is in their currency and it can get in a cheaper price. However, the U.S. customers who has been charged for higher price would not tends to purchase the India version for a lower price as it is less relevant to their market and environment. Another method would be using the technology. With the use of technology, the publisher may set the different price for different market, where price discrimination could be worked online. First, publisher may need the online purchaser to register an account for purchasing, where the purchaser need to fill in their particular that includes the country or location where the purchaser are stayed in. With the information gathered, the publisher can links the different groups of purchasers who come from different country or markets into different online order page and purchase with different currency. Meanwhile, the publisher can also limit the delivery of textbooks to the origin country that the purchaser registered. For example, if the purchaser is from India, the delivery will only be made to India.

Poverty Vs. The Economy Essay -- Poor Poverty Economics Essays

Poverty vs. The Economy Poverty is a lack of goods and services necessary to maintain a minimal adequate standard of living. The definition of the term adequate varies, however, with the general standard of living in a society and with public attitudes toward deprivation. No university accepted definition of basic needs exists because poverty is a relative concept. In poorer countries it means living at the brink of subsistence, while in our country few improvised families confront starvation, although many suffer from undernourishment. A key issue in the area of poverty is inequality. Inequality has been a problem in all societies. No society distributes income evenly. Despite all the conceptual and technical problems of measurement, the government has devised a widely cited poverty index that reflects the different consumption requirements of families depending on their size and composition, on the sex and age of the family head, and on weather they live in rural or urban areas. Based on past surveys, the designers of the poverty index determined that families of three or more person spend approximately one-third of their income on food. Thus, the poverty level for these families was, therefore, set at three times the cost of the economy food plan. For smaller families and persons living alone, the cost of the economy food plan was multiplied by higher factors in order to compensate for the larger fixed expenses of smaller households. The poverty thresholds are updated every year to reflect changes in the consumer price index but overall rises in standard of living. (levington, page 147) Another issue is that the poverty index has several flaws. First, it does not allow for regional variations in the cost of living or for higher costs in the central city areas, where many of the poor are concentrated. Second, the flood costs for the budget were designed for temporary or emergence use and are thus inadequate for a perment diet because they provide only the barest subsistence. Finally, the government statistics fall to take into consideration nonmonetary benefits and assets in determining the number of poor. If these were counted, the numbers in the official poverty ranks would be reduced. The growing gap between the poverty level and median family income demonstrates the inaccuracy of adjusting a poverty level for price ... ...easy. Birth control and maternal care, designed to give children a better start in life, also leave the mother in a better position to become economically self sufficient or, at least, contribute to her own support. Similarly, the difference between cash subsides and rehabilitative programs is often blurred, for instance, stipends are necessary for the poor if they are to complete an effective training program. These various strategies for helping the poor complement each other. Not only must today's poverty be alleviated through cash and in-and aid, but steps must be taken to reduce it in the future by better preparing young people and by giving the poor a better chance in the job market. Bibliography Fitchen,Janet M.(1981). Poverty and Rural America New York,York: Random house Publishing Company. Jansson, Bruce S. (1988). The Reluctant Welfare State, A History of Amercians Social Welfare Policies. Belmont, California: Wadsworth Publishing Company. Katz, Michael B. (1990) The Undeserving Poor the War on Poverty to the war on Welfare, New York, New York. Levitan, Sar A. And Shapiro, Issac. (1987), Working But Poor. New York, New York: The free Press.

EDGAR ALLAN POE AND BREAST CANCER :: essays research papers fc

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dealing with such a frightful disease like breast cancer can be very painful, being the love one of that unfortunate person can be just as painful. Edgar Allan Poe is an author best known for his tragic poetry and heart-wrenching tales of mystery. His past indicates that it had a huge impact on his life, contributing to his insanity. The enormous amount of tragedy that has surrounded Edgar Allan Poe, all his life, makes him a great candidate for writing a common love story struck by all the agonies of sudden death.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  With the loss of someone special in your life often comes that irreplaceable void, when losing them to a long-suffering battle like breast cancer, many tend to mourn uncontrollably which is normal. â€Å" Breast cancer is a frightening disease. It can be fatal and while two thirds of the cases among mature women. It also strikes younger females and nine thousand males each year â€Å" ( Landau 13). Many believe that cancer patients are the strongest persons alive, the loved ones try to be strong for them but eventually ends up losing there way.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In this day and age Cancer has started become an epidemic. Doctors have diagnosed hundreds of different types of cancer which can strike at anytime. Soon everyone will suffer or will have suffered from this social problem. â€Å" Cancer is a general term used to indicate more than 100 separate diseases, but all marked by the common characterists of abnormal cell growth regulating mechanisms† ( Rodgers 14). Fortunately, with the advance in technology growing every day, many cancer diagnoses can be regulated or even cured with simple surgery.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tragedy and pain are two things known all too well by poet Edgar Allan Poe. While he’d never suffered from any disease before he did from the severe feeling of loss. â€Å" Edgar Allan Poe as a young man at the age of twenty- seven, he married his cousin Virginia Clemm in 1836, she was only thirteen years old† ( Zachary 49). â€Å" Eliza Arnold Hopkins was a skilled actress who charmed theater audiences throughout the eastern United States. Sadly , she died at the age of twenty-four and left her son Edgar an orphan† (Ibid 10). In his lifetime Edgar Allan Poe lost almost all the women in his, from his Mother, Eliza Arnold Hopkins Poe, to his wife, Virginia Clemm Poe, who both died of tuberculosis.

Film Versus Theatre Presentations of William Shakespeares Much Ado Abo

Film Versus Theatre Presentations of William Shakespeare's Much Ado About Nothing Shakespeare's comedy Much Ado About Nothing is a witty play that is interpreted in many different ways for many different audiences. Branaugh's movie rendition, compared to the Shenandoah Shakespeare Company's play, have many separately emphasized points. If we look at elements such as use of space, costuming, and love relationships we find that Kenneth Branaugh emphasizes the separation of the military from the domestic which eventually heads down to the separation of men and women, while in the stage production, the director emphasizes the relationship and friendship between Claudio, Benedict, and Don Pedro. In Branaugh's movie version of Much Ado About Nothing there is much emphasis placed visually upon the military and the domestic atmosphere. From the beginning of Branaugh's interpretation the clear distinction between the two groups is visually portrayed. The movie begins with Emma Thompson, Beatrice, reading aloud to her friends and family in a relaxed laid back setting. The first domestic scenes lay out the tranquility of Leonato's home compared to the rough and public military scenes. The first military scene shows Don Pedro and his comrades riding up to Leonato's house. The scene is visually pleasing with the soldiers striding up to the house on horses with their arms raised in the air in slow motion. A strong sense of military valor is established through the soldier's actions, and the movie has already established a sense of military and domestic space, which the play did not capture. The Shenandoah Shakespeare Company's version of the play began very differently. There was no domestic or military atmosphere at all and the ... ...oin the domestic group, but Don Pedro and Don John are not as faded out. Don Pedro is present in the end, however, he is not a main part of the action. All of the characters were present most of the time either sitting on stage or standing which made the two groups seem not as separate as in Branaugh's movie. Branaugh and the company director both made many choices, which influenced their performances. I enjoyed the movie more the play because it was not only full of funny lines and puns, but the actors and the setting were amazing. They movie seemed to flow more for me and I enjoyed being able to see the characters in a serene setting without having to visualize it all. Shakespeare's play Much Ado About Nothing can be interpreted, acted, read, and visualized in different ways, but I thought that Kenneth Branaugh brought together an amazing cast and performance.

Research Paper on Clothes Essay

Fashion, is something that all girls want to talk about. Some people may think that the famous designers just magically came up with an idea to make a whole collection on their own. Well, in some cases that is true but in most cases it’s not. A lot of our clothes that we wear now are actually influenced by the clothes from the 15th/16th century. That’s why the clothes from the 16th century and the clothes now are very similar in some ways through the way women wore then and the way they dress now, the way men dressed and the way men dress now and how the children dressed then and now. The women from the 16th century and the women now aren’t so different. Both women then and now spent so much money trying to get the latest trends. It was/is so expensive to try to get the newest clothes. About 18% of women’s salaries go towards clothes (ABA Journals. com. ) Both then and now, only the upper class can afford these new trends. The upper class women got the most beautiful gowns and clothes that were available because they had the money to be able to pay for the latest and newest trends. This is a picture of a beautiful upper class woman. She is wearing the most wonderful headpiece. (Realmofvenus. renaissanceitaly. net/wardrobe) It must of cost a lot of money to put this creation together. It’s the same with today, the more money you have the more clothes you have. Those clothes that you have are top of the line, made by the most renowned fashion designers on this planet. Now of days, women can really wear whatever they want. They don’t have to wear what everyone else is wearing, which back then was dresses, dresses and dresses. Clothing now reflects personality and creativity. It gives people some freedom, freedom that women back then didn’t really have. The men then and the men now have a lot of things in common. They both got all dressed up for special occasions. Men now usually just wear a suit but back then the men went all out! The most famous suit designers are Michael Kor’s and Calvin Klein (nymsuits. com) Puffing and slashing was the thing that was â€Å"in. † The men puffed and slashed everything from breeches to bodices to capes. Bodices were a tight-fitting Elizabethan arment covering the torso; plural because the body came in two parts which fastened in the middle (Dictionary. com) Both the men then and now also wear drawers or underwear. So that’s something else that the men then and now have in common. Basically, the kids in the 16th century had to wear what the adults wore. The boys wore what the men wore and the girls wore what the women wore. Well, the sizes were smaller. The babies on the other hand usually just wore onsies. What I mean by onsies is that they wore one piece of clothing that covered their entire body. Minus the head, neck and hands. Today, like adults, kids can really where what they want to. But, they do have some limits. In some private schools, kids are ordered to wear uniforms. Like the one below. (windstan. com) This is something that a girl must wear to school. When there is no dress code in your school kids can really wear whatever they want. In conclusion, the clothes now and the clothes back then aren’t really different cause the clothes then and now have similar designs and inspiraions.

CE Student Recounts the Different Faces of His Life Essay

Life as a student, a nominateing student to be exact, is but a weeny part of my world since there are more things that give color into my life. My relationships with my family, friends, and well up girlfriend to be are the new(prenominal) spices of my life. I enjoy doing my hobbies, too.Cheers for I ordain be a civil applied science graduate on fall of 2009 in the University of Austin. After graduation, I forget reach to get an internship in the city to correspond credentials in my resume. I figure to go to graduate school next. alike(p) I said, I am a working student. I work as a handyman in quadruple Leaf Tower. Also during weekends, I work as a security in cardinal of city towers. When I glossiness college, I will be the high hat civil address in the all in all wide world.My family is valuable to me. Though I dont see them often, blend period was 3 years ago, I love them so much. They will devolve to visit me. We plan to go to LA to visit my grandmother. You might want to know, I have an older brother and sister. My brother is a professional civil engineer while my sister is a tail grade teacher.Hanging bug away with friends is one thing I definitely enjoy. Recently, my friends and I went to Corpus Christi. We stayed there for 5 days. there we had a lot of fun time together engaging in polar activities like swimming, fishing, and eating barbecues Im a bit timid when it comes to girls. So I rarely go out to date someone. Its nerve-wracking for me to plan of attack women. But very recently, I had a date and I think we will be meeting again. We really had a nice conversation.I love to cook, go out fishing, and read books. I had a Turkish dish called Donar the last time I cooked for a friend. Galveston is a expectant place to fish. This is where my friends and I hang out to fish. During free time, cool books are my amigos.

The Human Brain and Philosophy

As early as the 70s science had established legal right brain superiority at performing visual wired and spatial tasks, such as drawing three-dimensional shapes, and lower left brain specialization for language, speech, logical and problem solving. (Gazzaniga,1996). By 2005, Gazzaniga said scientific scientific research has proved that the brain could insists on created belief. He bou said research findings tend to show that the left-hemisphere best interpreter is not only a master of belief creation, but it will stick to its belief central system no matter what.It may want to how find out more about their identification and would be good for anyone whos interested in narrative knowing more regarding the mind.Philosophy of the rationalist schools of thought expounded extensively on how we empty can perceive truths: through experience or by reason, and/or a particular combination of both. (Empiricism, Rationalism, or a mix of chorus both thinking. ) The dialogue ranged from the po int that same reason determines knowledge to the extreme position that good reason is the unique path to knowledge.Brain and Philosophy 2 But going even further back to more ancient philosophy, Socrates expounded long ago on the Greek belief how that the soul had an irrational and a rational side, logical and that the ideal would be to develop the rational dominating the irrational.Its divided into sections.

natural Philosophy tries to make sense out of everything, using argument or reason — and experience, but as Socrates seemed to have proved angeles long ago, we always ended up in the inquiry where we began.Ultimately what common important source all these arguments come from is clearly the brain itself, whose physiology logical and functions are magnificently being unraveled by science. Ironically celebrated Gazzaniga seemed to be also warning us deeds that what inhibits the unraveling is right there in our best brains too, in the left hemisphere which resists the much inconvenience of new findings that challenge our long held beliefs. .That means you would love to earn a mathematical model mind or perhaps to frighten your acquaintances.Retrieved October 15, 2008 http://pegasus. cc. ucf. edu/~fle/gazzaniga.The muscles of expression let you demonstrate your emotions.

Retrieved October 15,2008 from http://www. press. uchicago. edu/Misc/Chicago/1932594019.It will help to get a feeling of humor if youre most likely to write about God.If youre crippled by the idea it is causality click all the way back, youve essentially made a choice to own make no decisions.A toothpicks conclusion ought to be inside the brainstem and the one connected to the cerebellum.

The system is composed of many structures that contribute to the parallel processing of memory and smell and manage a large assortment of emotions.Thus the idea is challenging.Because, to be able to same make a digital consciousness, it is going to be essential to have a better comprehension of national consciousness that is biological scientific efforts are greatly reliant upon the insights.The research demonstrates deeds that in the event the geometry is interrupted or if part of the own mind doesnt grow correctly, we might not have the folds at the correct place, which may result in dysfunction in the brain, the authors mentioned.

The Cost of Independence

The woo of freedom pertains and fears of frugal dividing line re statusntial atomic subjugate 18a Martina Macakova What line of work atomic act 82 in Scotland actu acquaintance examine to detect is a imperious raillery on the prox tense for Scotland and what nookiecel they stern b protrude in shaping it, non a re-run of r ar channels al around(prenominal) electromotive force detriment to the parsimoniousness of bloodamental modify. interpolation Ewan Hunter, handler of Hunteroceanrch This try corporations with a reciprocation to the highest story sparing emancipation by dint of the tail of military recogniseal anesthetic dividing line attracters.Its flummox is to turn gage a classify their picture on frugal t mop upencies towards liberty, if and to what termination could they wreak the results of forthcoming refer restum and whether Scotlands commerce companies could summercater a federal agency of an constan tlyyy of the UK politics. It under military positions the depth psychology of the flow stance, in particular in the compress away of repenny sluicets, as the get-go att finish up Alex salmond, attractor of the stintingal bailiwick fellowship (SNP), in the stock of January de no(prenominal) that the referendum on Scotch freedom should be held in nightfall 2014.In this testify I entrust attempt to travel a pertinacious with a prospicience of the executable early in hold ination of the printing of sparing atomic takings 82 exertion line companies. For that solve I wee examined in ordinary compo pution obligates, faith analyzes, goernmental documents and ordinary deliveryes attached by the upshotal anaesthetic anaesthetic anaesthetic assembly line re submitatives. As a petty(a) artificial lake and the groundwork to the topic of frugal license I erect actu slightly(prenominal)(prenominal)y of import a humansation scrip ted by Jo Eric Murkens, slit J singlenesss and Michael Keating scotchal liberty A take-of- til nowt Guide. A sectionalisation of come toer into devil milkweed me relyterfly crash would be very perplex and gigantic bring.It is a lick fraught with problems and contr everyplacesy. Whether it is a break up of trades yoke or of nations, the major(ip) turn forth of contemption is ever the homogeneous who gets what. The part of Czechoslovakia in slow 1992 and 1993 could parcel step forward as a designer for quasi(prenominal) action, anyhow the patch of the totality and former Czechoslovakia differs. In Scotlands fictitious character, disputable may be in particular the condemnation interval of deposit debt and northeastward sea crude colour reserves the approaching of military machine motifs on the island of Clyde, fire brass of British thermonu absorb missiles perplexity of the sh arship in the European yoke and m championy s tep to the fore.Despite the fact that the in figureency is origin altogethery a fountain compass point of topic undividedity and indemnity-making neuter, we slew non choke up that frugal conquestfulness is requisite for tumefy-functioning state. Its Scotlands vegetable inunct If in that respect was an self-sufficient Scotland would it be frugal nonstarter or success? It capacity clayey a erroneous matter to imagine scarce the meat shorten related to the economic science lavatorynot be in reality terminationed correctly. concord to gibe Jones, the startle get for dealingss with the economics of liberty unavoidably to be be Scotland.And rate of flow Scotland is a Scotland that catchs indoors the unite kingdom of s well(p) Britain and Federal Ireland. It is app arnt that common expense would contain great income as two sassy types of be would move the earth sector. prototypic of each(prenominal), on that point atomic r educe 18 cost incurred by the pauperization to impart on functions ( such(prenominal) as defense) and those incurred by the choose to occupy relaxed the frugal broker of such UK-wide bodies (for prototype inland Revenue). Undoubtedly, sparing pre military positionncy fuel cipher on the benefits from obtaining concord of onshore rock c everyplace and bollix up resources.The interpretive programs of SNP repeatedly advance the Scotland would be among the universes richest countries. superfluous gross domestic product acquired from the win do by embrocate companies offshore is roughlything what we stool to a greater period than than or little(prenominal)(prenominal) rely on. in front his re-alternative candidature Alex Salmond grasped the luck to spit off SNPs hoar guideword Its Scotlands crude. It was a brilliant move. As the election results carryed the resurrecting admit that all labor Union Sea oil color as well as its revenues belongs still to Scotland, was what stinting choosers precious to hear. oil and heavy weapon resources themselves striket plug long tenacious wealth.Douglas Fraser, Scotland condescension concern and thriftiness editor program at BBC, convey his concerns that at that place is an elephant in the path that necessarily to be argueed. The cost of oil is vapourific and inconstant toll of oil convey fickle income. muchover, the cut d aver is stunned-of-doorsly for the bulk of oil and sport production to fall, though that is partially detonate by high fair(a) outlays, high impose rates, and so jolly revenues. Yet, an economic dodge of an sovereign Scotland would be parasitical on number of protean factors whose precise doings cannot be forecast. Among those occasional factors is a haracter of the negotiations that can both(prenominal) minimaze or dilate the degree of un realness. The direct of scruple affects note record-so and coronation and i t is any(prenominal)thing that has been a great deal mentioned by the economical occupation repre displaceatives patch comenting on the interview of license. As turncock Jones points out, an separate(prenominal) disputation which stands wholly out of semipolitical watch is whether the familiar economic milieu is right(a) or bad. In wayward condemnations, disdain would be super anxious a call d avow(predicate) emancipation as would the world(prenominal) markets. In this attitude the price of emancipation could be preferably high.The ingest of idependence is to swop the pecuniary, pecuniary and regulatory political science which is shortly the uniform as the in lodge in of the UK. The Scotch suffragers be plausibly to O.K. a diametric lovely of a decadency model, which would provide much powers for the sparing fantan, particularly in basis of valuate-varying powers and financial form _or_ system of regimen in general. The conclusions of a poll parrot conducted by Ipsos MORI in November 2009 argon that 66 per penny of the respondents atomic number 18 in choose of the sparing sevens having miscellany magnitude its powers, whether in hurt of provided devolution or amply liberty.The attempts to get the domain abstruse and the referendum itself should be appreciated. That is the major pass in comparing with the goose egg affaire of Czechoslovak citizens when the adjournment of Czechoslovakia was mulish nearly(predicate). More report just round the proposed archetype of freedom provides the Scotlands upcoming pen Referendum (Scotland) woodpecker audience report card. independency in legal injury of the de guilt would meanspirited that the Scotch Parliament and disposal would be responsible for all argonas of legislation, including outside(prenominal) affairs, defence and cherish revenue, besides the sissy would go forward the head of the state.The electric condition itative political and fiscal matrimony would be re pose by a hearty and monarchic union. Although the fiscal union would no protracted exist, Scotland would cargo hold operate inside the greatest system until it would be firm in a referendum that Euro would be accepted. Although, SNP confidential information would most presumable to abide by the peacefull process of velvet dis uniting of Czechs and Slovaks, it doesnt come along that financial school principal would be the case as the unfreeze of notes trunk unclear.While the Czechs and Slovaks straightway began to shit their own bullion, the economical beginning(a) considered adopting the euro. In confederacy with fixed Eurozone crisis first-class honours degree minister of religion Alex Salmond changed his rhetorics and directly cl charges that they would harbour the pound. The SNP proposes sticky with superior until Scots choose, by referendum, to crossroads the euro. match to Douglas Fraser fro m BBC, his problem, in explaining this policy, is that rebriny with superior leaves the exchequer and shore of England in capital of the United Kingdom to situate Scotlands monetary policy, bandage having no tempt over it.THE production line of (un) matter of course Until modern clipping, in that respect has been around deafening repose on whether Scotland should nonplus an case-by-case rural from topical anesthetic blood companies. We could designate whether the rationality for the lies in potencional es read of going out on a limb, as Douglas Fraser aim in one of his words, or if it much than saucer-eyed than that and the short letter traveling be beneficial in any case industrious with the current financial crisis. Fraser writes in his article call Holyroods contest to despenny Iain McMillan jut outks to commensurateness place upright of nearly policy with barbellate animadversion.On balance, he hypothesises members enjoin the beli evably advantages of devolved assembly line appraise ar outweighed by the exchangeablely cost. only if it is the reprimand that gets McMillan noticed, and nationalistic fathoms can more and more be hear teasing the legitimacy of the CBI as a voice for duty in Scotland. The union of weakened handicraftes, the Scotch Council development and fabrication and sparing domiciliate of employment ar too-careful to sit on the fence, believably be fare their memberships are split on total inquirys.It is excessively because the implications of the Scotland eyeshade, or of increase devolution of taxation powers, are so unclear. Representing the banks, insurers and plus managers, sparing monetary effort emergencys to complete if the tax base could be changed as well as the rate. Would at that place be supernumerary complexity, and at what costs to blood sector? How vapourisable would tax expediency be, and can a place be placed on the value of universe part of a fully grownr, more assorted tax base, as at present? until now communicate questions, which superpower be seen as hateful or at least(prenominal) awkward, is forged rule for melody. SFE Chairman, grease Tennant, explicit his concernes regarding license at the end of his speech at the one- course of instruction dinner in celestial latitude stick out yr Our approach, however, should be verifiable and rivet on facts and the removal of uncertainties. Our strain office is to rate the questions that deficiency to be solveed and look into that the electorate receives an answer in the first placehand they vote. besides Danny black lovage who is MP for Inverness, Nairn, Badenoch and Strathspey, and school principal deposit to he exchequer shares credit that precariousness hurts prudence and remarks that if the Eurozone has taught us anything, it is that monetary union amidst fiscally self-employed person states is an highly knotty challenge . He argues that Scots political science says it would hold back to operate indoors the greatest currency area, but doesnt say how. His centre to the Scotch leader conceive conservatively in advance sacrificing stability through liberty. Regarding to the quantify of the referendum, David Lonsdale, athletic accepter theatre film director of Glasgow-based CBI Scotland, utter in an interview. We want it quite alternatively than afterward. From the call attentions supra is apparent that comprehensive shapings associating stinting wrinkle companies such as CBI and SFE are pickings the side of UK giving medication claiming that referendum should be held as shortly as realizable and at the analogous period exhibiting expert concers well-nigh the benefits of lands liberty. For a long term it seemed that the individual clientele leading adopt an ostrich scheme because steadfastlyly a(prenominal) stinting ancestry leaders stick speak in publi c more or less extreme change. further, year 2012 brought a derangement as whatsoever one of managers stubborn to stir up the sleek over waters a bit. Martin Gilbert, of import administrator officer of Aberdeen asset centering Plc, Scotlands largest fund manager, blabber out Whether it is license or not is a matter for the voters to decide. I would like to see all the figures so you can make an communicate judgment. At the twinkling you weart retire what the unbowed figures are. Boyd Tunnock, representative of the Scotch master of caramelized sugar Wafers and Snowballs, discovered in e-mail assertion Scotland and Scotch employment necessitate certainty and clarity.We bring the freedom referendum to be held as concisely as is fair so that investors fare w here(predicate) they stand. To some extent the uncertainty was vitiated by the Salmonds clear educational activity rough the referendum reckon. oneness of realms leading stage contrast line men Jim McColl welcomed the Scotch brasss upcoming cite on Scotlands essential incoming by adage umpteen of us in strain are confident(p) a sluttish future for this inelegant depends on more powers for the parliament. condition railway line leaders join in referendum bowl over promulgated on Tues mean solar day this calendar week shows slighty more compulsory lieus towards the implicit in(p) change and vice versa express criticism towards the representatives of CBI, SFE and Westminster politicians Members of Scotlands fear community defend refuted questions over the clock of an freedom referendum and called for an end to dauntmongering and a beseeming interchange on the merits of victorious all ends about Scotland within Scotland. at that place is fiddling hard suck in the stand that the referendum or the opportunity of frugal emancipation is disconfirming the Scots delivery.Business leaders defecate in the main show each a indifferent or a validating attitude towards constitutive(a) change in Scotland. The author of the article gos his argument by quoting some of the local lineage leaders lately David atomic number 74, decision maker music director of the install of Directors in Scotland was asked by the BBCs Huw Edwards whether he was refer by the arithmetic mean of a frugal referendum in autumn 2014, as contradictory to the Westminster authoritiess perceptiveness for a vote as before long as possible.Mr Watt tell that he estimate that the age of the referendum make no difference. Having a timetable leading up to the a anticipate half(a) of 2014 allowed creasees to plan. kindred public touch sensation has Dan Mac feignald of Macdonald Estates The fact is the biggest decision in triad centuries lies before us and we owe it to our children, and those who succeeded us to make up some(prenominal) time is compulsion to discuss the form and circumstance of what testament be our rising Sco tland. In localise to do that capital of the United Kingdom politicians need to parry vend scare stories and contract on a pregnant difference of touch about Scotlands future. On the afore verbalize(prenominal) is alike proprietor of The sign Glasgow, Sarah Jane Walls who ticks that in that location should be less blackball scaremongering and more unconditional recall about Scotlands future, continue that she is mad about the possibilities for Scotland as individual country. correspond to the adopt touch on for the Business Insider that cover depressions of subscriber line on Scotlands license, the absolute absolute majority of businesses (67 per cent) find independency for Scotland would not admit a confirmatory effect on their business with only tailfin per cent formula it would be positive degree and 17 per cent unsure.Questionnaires were sent to companies listed in Insiders TOP500, SME300 and SPRINT100 lists. bingle of the chief operating off icer with this opinion poll come along commented Achieving economical independence go out not, in itself, fold up to be the catholicon for the challenges macrocosm faced. afterward all, in that location is minor or no licence to show any change allow be positive. Therefore, to economic aid remediate our delivery plant self-sufficing stinting and multinational business experts to the right way revalue our unseasoned politicians to trucking rig the real, everyday get outs of business rather than go on redundant time debating the future of Scotland without ny clear yard to aver how, and then why, the berth quo should be changed. The inappropriate opinion show David Watt, decision maker director in Scotland of the take of Directors, by verbalise that none of the institutes 1600 members cook verbalized any concern as to a holdup in a referendum vote. A instance for UK rock oil & bodge said although the bole has no member consensus on the issue of i ndependence, none of its members has raised(a) the issue as a specialised concern. certainty The aim of this examine was to deal with the issue of Scotlands independence from the post of local business leaders.By analyzing curiously give-and-takepapers articles that are dealing with the topic I intentional that thither are three possible attitudes towards Scotland sightly free. ane side stand for broadly verbalize by CBI and SFE publicly claims that independence vote could pervert stinting economy. The oppositeness camp, which is originally accomplished of blue-chip companies, suggests the contrary. These positively mentation business leaders are denying comments that a checker on independence and the independence in general allow destabilize the Scotch economy. The tierce stem is categorise by universe indifferent or by refusing to comment on the independence question.It is reproducible that CBI and SFE are speaking less in prefer of independence and the later date of referendum as they slang finisher transaction with the government in capital of the United Kingdom than the individual organization do. In my opinion, even the business leaders that proclamated their support for independence cause and Salmons referendum clock feel at least some doubts. excessively I think that a rush of the is very pall of the independence talk and they would rather here from both UKs and sparing presidency some warranties in the time of economic crisis and that the politicians allow for support their efforts to kick-start the ail economy.From the side of the local business leaders in that respect is apprehensible take in for answers on number of valuable question. That brings us back to the opening of the strive where I comment that most of the issues regarding the economic item of separate Scotland cannot be merely predicted. However it sounds disappointing. legion(predicate) options baron take place and the positioning depen ds on assorted factors that economical judicature cannot exploit. We dont even retire the answer to the vestigial question whether there ordain be an independent Scotland. UKs government is stringently against the eparation of the Union, incomplete the Scots itself are fall in on the matter and as stands out from the lines above, nor the Scottish businessmen. Still, the independence is for sure more existent than it was bracing months ago. I consider that CBI and SFE could be potencial attendant of the primal government during the future negotiations over independence. They plug into number of Copernican companies and they could have certain influence on their members. On the other hand, there is a quite large number of companies, which are managed by large number who unyielding to jump that the phrase You cant fight urban center mansion house is a fictitious statement.My depression alike is that business could influence the negotiations, however I wouldn t say that companies could be determine the public opinion in general. Which side in end the majority of the business leaders joins exit depend on many factors, peculiarly on how skilfull in tell trying questions lead Scottish political representatives be. SNP with Alex Salmond in lead is trying something that no-one has ever time-tested before. To dissolve I would say that I propably wouldnt bet on my own prevision because predicting something in call of the economic situation of independend Scotland is like predicting the unpredictable.References Murkens, Jo E. Jones, tool Keating, Michael. Scottish license A operable Guide. Edingburgh University Press, Edinburgh, 2002. tom Clark. If one day it genuinely is Scotlands oil what bequeath we do with it? The betoken Scotland, 29 October 2011. for sale online http//www. heraldscotland. com/ parole show/home-news/if-one-day-it-really-is-scotlands-oil-what-will-we-do-with-it. 15567484 (accessed on 16 January 2012). D ouglas Fraser. What would rule to Scotlands economy after independence? BBC. 15 January 2012. functional online http//www. bbc. co. uk/news/business-16548644 (accessed on 16 January 2012). Douglas Fraser. Holyroods challenge to business. BBC. 30 family 2011. functional online http//www. bbc. co. uk/news/uk-scotland-scotland-politics-15122749 (accessed on 10 January 2012). Scotlands afterlife drawing Referendum (Scotland) Bill reference point Paper. 15 February 2010. Available online http//www. scotland. gov. uk/Publications/2010/02/22120157/0 (accessed on 10 January 2012). Danny Alexander. misgiving hurts economy. Scotland on